2002 年 3 月考題

TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 MINUTES)

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the poor and the upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions. They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based on money that otherwise would go to the government in taxes. From a small beginning at the turn of the century they have become a very important factor in shaping developments in higher education and the arts.

Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines. In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community. Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a major source of the new ideas that are discussed in the policy-formation groups.?

分析：

① Foundations are tax-free institutions (that are created togive grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities (that range from education, research, and the arts to support for the poor and the upkeep of exotic gardens and old mansions)).

譯文：基金會(huì)是免稅組織，其設(shè)立的目的是資助個(gè)人和非贏利性組織的活動(dòng)，包括教育、調(diào)研、藝術(shù)、扶貧和維護(hù)奇園古宅。

考點(diǎn)： 層次斷句：這句話其實(shí)也相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。句中套了兩句定語(yǔ)從句，一句修飾 institutions ，另一句修飾 activities ，另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)是 support 前的 to 到底承接哪里，其實(shí)它和前面的 range from 是構(gòu)成了 from…to… 的短語(yǔ)，判斷了 to 的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就不會(huì)把 to 后的內(nèi)容理解成目的了，從而翻譯成“以此”了。

?????? 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：第一句是重復(fù)法， Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to…→ 基金會(huì)是免稅組織，其設(shè)立 ……

第二句是省略法, activities that range from education, research, and the arts→ 活動(dòng)，包括教育、調(diào)研及藝術(shù)

?????? 轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：省略被動(dòng)詞? that are created to→ 其設(shè)立

?????? the arts 的翻譯： the arts 對(duì)于詞匯較好的考生來(lái)說(shuō)極易理解成“人文學(xué)科；文科”等，不過(guò)大家有沒(méi)有注意到定冠詞 the ？原來(lái) arts 解釋為“人文學(xué)科；文科”，但 the arts 相當(dāng)于 fine art ，解釋為“藝術(shù)”。

?????? 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：形容詞 → 名詞??? support for the poor→ 扶貧

?????????????????????????????????? the poor 又一次考察到 the+adj 表示一類人

???????????????? 名詞 → 動(dòng)詞????? the upkeep of→ 進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)

???????????????? 介詞 → 動(dòng)詞????? from…to…→ 包括

??????? 具體譯法：成語(yǔ)法： exotic gardens and old mansions→ 奇園古宅

② They provide a means (by which) wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent, for they are based on money (that otherwise would go to the government in taxes).

譯文：基金會(huì)提供了一種方式可以讓有錢人和大公司能實(shí)際支配花去稅款的方式，因?yàn)榛饡?huì)依賴于這筆稅款，這些稅款如果不用于基金會(huì)，就會(huì)劃并到政府稅收中去。

考點(diǎn)： wealthy people 翻譯成“有錢人”可以，但 wealthy corporations 翻譯成“有錢的公司”語(yǔ)義就不明確了，可以翻譯成“大公司”。

定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：省略法： They provide a means by which wealthy people…→ 基金會(huì)提供了一種方式可以讓有錢人 ……

for they are based on money that otherwise would go to the government in taxes→ 因?yàn)檫@些稅款如果不用于基金會(huì)，就會(huì)劃并到政府稅收中去。

????????? 轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：被主交換： how their tax payments will be spent→ 花去稅款

????????? 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：副詞 → 名詞?? how→ 方式

③ From a small beginning at the turn of the century they have become a very important factor in shaping developments in higher education and the arts.

譯文：本世紀(jì)初，基金會(huì)數(shù)量并不多 / 比較少，而現(xiàn)在已在高等教育和藝術(shù)發(fā)展的格局中顯得舉足輕重了。

考點(diǎn)： 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：動(dòng)詞 → 名詞??? shape→ 格局

?????? 正反譯法： small→ 不多　

　　　 增詞譯法： From a small beginning 這句話許多考生在翻譯時(shí)根本沒(méi)有注意到，有人理解成和 at the turn of the century 相同的意思，其實(shí)在 small 后面省略 number ，表示基金會(huì)數(shù)量在本世紀(jì)一開(kāi)始不多。在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)補(bǔ)充“數(shù)量”。

?????? 換序譯法： at the turn of the century 在句首翻譯

④ Think tanks and university research institutes are nonprofit organizations (that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic ?disciplines).

譯文１：智囊團(tuán)和大學(xué)中的研究機(jī)構(gòu)是非贏利性組織，為不同學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的專家提供了平臺(tái)。

譯文２：智囊團(tuán)和大學(xué)中的研究機(jī)構(gòu)是不同學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜覘⒌姆勤A利性組織。

考點(diǎn)： think tanks ： organization or group of experts providing advice and ideas on national or commercial problems. 為國(guó)家或商業(yè)問(wèn)題提供建議、解決方法的專家小組或組織；智囊團(tuán)。

?????? 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：省略法

　　　 意譯： settings→ 平臺(tái)

　　　　轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：省略不譯

　　　　轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞 → 動(dòng)詞　　 settings→ 棲息

⑤ In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternativesfree from the teaching and departmental duties (that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community).

譯文：正因?yàn)槿绱?/ 通過(guò)這種方式，這些專家就可以從大多數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)人士習(xí)以為常的日常教學(xué)和科系公務(wù)中脫離出來(lái)，全身心地投入到政策的研究中去。

考點(diǎn)： alternative 的翻譯： alternative 作為名詞有以下常見(jiàn)解釋：

兩者（或兩者以上）擇其一

eg. People above 30 have the alternative of marrying or remaining a bachelor.

30 歲以上的人可以選擇結(jié)婚，也可以選擇獨(dú)身。

數(shù)種可能性（解決辦法）之一

eg. One of the alternatives open to you is to resign.

你面前的一項(xiàng)選擇就是辭職。

（選擇題的）選項(xiàng)

eg. In each question, you have 4 alternatives to choose, among which there is only a correct answer.

每到問(wèn)題有四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，其中只有一個(gè)正確答案。

替代品

eg. In modern society, we must find some biodegradable alternatives to plastics in order to avoid environmental protection.

在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，我們必須找到一些可降解的材料來(lái)代替塑料，從而避免環(huán)境污染。

free from 的翻譯：文中的 free from 相當(dāng)于 without 的意思，表示“脫離； 沒(méi)有”等意思，其同義詞有 lacking, short of, excluding, immune to 等

換序譯法：從原文分析，“脫離教學(xué)和公務(wù)”在前，而“投入政策研究”在后，

兩者是時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系。因此可以先翻譯 free from 的部分，然后再翻譯 devote their time to the study of policy 。

?????????? 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：前置法

?????????? 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：形容詞 → 動(dòng)詞????? free→ 脫離

?????????????????????? 名詞 → 動(dòng)詞??????? routine→ 習(xí)以為常

⑥ Supported by foundation grants and government contracts, they are a major source of 　 the new ideas (that are discussed in the policy-formation groups).?

譯文：有了 / 得到基金會(huì)的資助和政府的合約（保護(hù)），這些專家就能夠?yàn)檎叩闹贫ㄌ峁┰丛床粩嗟男滤季S。

考點(diǎn)： 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞 → 形容詞?? source→ 源源不斷的

?????? 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯：綜合法

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