在上篇文章中,我們把四選一題目按照考查內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了分類,明確了有些題目是考作者的用詞來(lái)推敲其意圖,有些題目是考同義轉(zhuǎn)換,而有些題目則是按照高頻詞匯和概括性詞匯來(lái)選擇。那么,這類題型的選項(xiàng)又有什么難點(diǎn)呢?分析認(rèn)為,四選一題型選項(xiàng)的難點(diǎn)主要存在于干擾項(xiàng)上,所謂的干擾項(xiàng)就是看起來(lái)跟真正答案很相似,用來(lái)迷惑考生的判斷力的選項(xiàng)。我們按照干擾項(xiàng)的迷惑性由強(qiáng)到弱,分為重要干擾項(xiàng)、錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)和未提及干擾項(xiàng)。

一、多選題目的重要干擾項(xiàng)

重要干擾項(xiàng)就是指,這種選項(xiàng)雖然不是正確答案,卻與原文不沖突(或者很難判斷是否與原文沖突),它們與正確答案看起來(lái)比較相似,只不過(guò)不如正確答案更準(zhǔn)確、更完整或更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。我們看下面的例子:

In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

A aims to impress its audience.

B tells stories better than books.

C illustrates the passing of time.

D describes familiar events.

我們可以定位到原文的C段和D段,C段提到:The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them. 這一段文字表達(dá)了觀眾當(dāng)時(shí)的反應(yīng),觀眾們很難接受自己看到的是圖畫而不是事實(shí)。D段提到:The key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured. 這段文字描述了電影創(chuàng)造了事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展演變,并且用picture和novel進(jìn)行類比,強(qiáng)調(diào)電影的魔力是讓人清楚地看到事情流暢地隨時(shí)間演變。

根據(jù)這兩段文字所表達(dá)的意思,很多學(xué)生會(huì)選擇A或B選項(xiàng),因?yàn)樵奶峒傲擞^眾、小說(shuō)(書)的內(nèi)容。A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文所講的內(nèi)容并不是矛盾或完全不符合的。因此,這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)就干擾了我們正確的選擇。當(dāng)我們把這兩段文字仔細(xì)推敲之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)描述觀眾的反應(yīng)和對(duì)比書和電影的區(qū)別,都是為了表達(dá)電影的魔力在于表達(dá)事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展這一主題含義。C項(xiàng)的含義比AB要更準(zhǔn)確,因此答案選擇C項(xiàng)。

二、多選題目的錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)

相比之下,多選題目的錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)就較容易識(shí)別出來(lái)了。我們可以看到,有些題目中,某個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文是直接矛盾的,那么肯定不會(huì)選擇它為正確的答案。比如:

A recent survey found that in British secondary schools,

A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.

B there was less bullying than in primary schools.

C cases of persistent bullying were very common.

D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.

我們看到原文,其中有一句話是:There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying. 通過(guò)這句話,我們可以明顯地判斷出,C項(xiàng)的含義與原文是矛盾的。very common和one in twenty-five的比例是明顯不符的。因此,C選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的干擾項(xiàng),我們可以確定地排除答案是C項(xiàng)的可能性。

三、多選題目的未提及干擾項(xiàng)

有的干擾項(xiàng)在原文中并不存在,或者說(shuō)根據(jù)原文無(wú)法判斷這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是否正確,這種就是原文未提及的干擾項(xiàng)。此類干擾項(xiàng)難度也不大,但是卻是考查四選一時(shí)最常出現(xiàn)的、數(shù)量最多的干擾項(xiàng)。這種題的考查形式類似于T/F/NG判斷題中,NOT GIVEN的考查點(diǎn)。也就是說(shuō),選項(xiàng)提到的所謂的“事實(shí)”、“實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果”、“某人的觀點(diǎn)”等內(nèi)容是原文沒(méi)有涉及的或是我們無(wú)法根據(jù)原文提及的點(diǎn)來(lái)清楚判斷的。這種選項(xiàng)當(dāng)然不是正確答案,像我們上文提到的第一個(gè)例子中的D選項(xiàng)和第二個(gè)例子中的A/D選項(xiàng),都是典型的未提及的干擾項(xiàng)。這種選項(xiàng)雖然干擾性很弱,容易被大家排除,但是,也是耗費(fèi)我們做題時(shí)間的地方。我們需要逐個(gè)對(duì)比原文,判斷每個(gè)選項(xiàng)是否是我們需要的、符合題干的選項(xiàng),這里面就夾雜了未提及干擾項(xiàng)。若是某個(gè)選項(xiàng)涉及的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有被我們找到,而我們誤判這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為未提及干擾項(xiàng),也會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。因此提醒考生們?cè)趯⑦x項(xiàng)與原文對(duì)比的過(guò)程必須要謹(jǐn)慎,如果由于忽略了原文的線索,將正確答案誤判為未提及干擾項(xiàng),那么未提及干擾項(xiàng)反而成了最難的考點(diǎn)。

總之,我們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí),要逐一將選擇題的選項(xiàng)與原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照,排除掉與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)和原文未提及的選項(xiàng),找出正確的答案,這樣才能夠提升四選一題型的正確率。按照通常的考題干擾項(xiàng)比率,在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,除去正確答案,剩余的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)和未提及干擾項(xiàng)的比率為1:2,因此,大家在做題時(shí),在找到正確答案之前,任何一個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不能忽略,必須有明確的依據(jù)和肯定的判斷才可以得到較高的正確率。