【讀書筆記】《沉思錄》卷二04
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?本書簡介：
《沉思錄》是古羅馬皇帝奧勒留寫給自己的書，內(nèi)容大部分是他在鞍馬勞頓中寫成的。作品來自奧勒留對身羈宮廷的自己和自己所處混亂世界的感受，追求一種冷靜而達(dá)觀的生活。這部著作是斯多葛學(xué)派的一個(gè)里程碑，亦是溫總理放在枕邊，讀了不下百遍的書。
本書原文由古希臘文而作，英文版選擇比較權(quán)威的George Long的版本，中文版選擇何懷宏的版本作參考。筆記中的英文釋義摘自《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》
?作者簡介：
馬可?奧勒留（Marcus Aurelius，公元121—180年），著名的“帝王哲學(xué)家”，古羅馬帝國皇帝，在希臘文學(xué)和拉丁文學(xué)、修辭、哲學(xué)、法律、繪畫方面受過很好的教育，晚期斯多葛學(xué)派代表人物之一。奧勒留也許是西方歷史上唯一的一位哲學(xué)家皇帝。他是一個(gè)比他的帝國更加完美的人，他的勤奮工作最終并沒有能夠挽救古羅馬，但是他的《沉思錄》卻成為西方歷史上的偉大名著。
卷二（4）
?小編語：到第二卷啦！感覺這本書真的很難懂的啊，英文也好，中文也好，都需要反反復(fù)復(fù)揣摩，不過，不要放棄哦，一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地看，肯定是有收獲滴。
2.8?The soul of man does violence to itself, first of all, when it becomes an abscess and, as it were, a tumour on the universe, so far as it can. For to be vexed?at anything which happens is a separation of ourselves from nature, in some part of which the natures of all other things are contained. In the next place, the soul does violence to itself when it turns away from any man, or even moves towards him with the intention of injuring, such as are the souls of those who are angry. In the third place, the soul does violence to itself when it is overpowered by pleasure or by pain. Fourthly, when it plays a part, and does or says anything insincerely and untruly. Fifthly, when it allows any act of its own and any movement to be without an aim, and does anything thoughtlessly and without considering what it is, it being right that even the smallest things be done with reference to an end; and the end of rational animals is to follow the reason and the law of the most ancient city and polity.
?Notes：
這段的結(jié)構(gòu)挺工整的，為了闡述“The soul of man does violence to itself” 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，提出了五點(diǎn)理由。平時(shí)寫作文的時(shí)候可以借鑒一下結(jié)構(gòu)。
ascend [n] a swollen and infected area on your skin or in your body, full of a thick yellowwish liquid.
vex [v] (old-fashionshed or formal) to annoy or worry sb.
? ? ? e.g.: The memory of their conversationstill vexed him.他想起他們的談話，仍然感到惱火。
2.9 Of human life the time is a point, and the substance is in a flux, and the perception dull, and the composition of the whole body subject to putrefaction, and the soul a whirl, and fortune hard to divine, and fame a thing devoid of judgement. And, to say all in a word, everything which belongs to the body is a stream, and what belongs to the soul is a dream and vapour, and life is a warfare and a stranger's sojourn, and after-fame is oblivion. What then is that which is able to conduct a man? One thing and only one, philosophy. But this consists in keeping the daemon within a man free from violence and unharmed, superior to pains and pleasures, doing nothing without purpose, nor yet falsely and with hypocrisy, not feeling the need of another man's doing or not doing anything; and besides, accepting all that happens, and all that is allotted, as coming from thence, wherever it is, from whence he himself came; and, finally, waiting for death with a cheerful mind, as being nothing else than a dissolution of the elements of which every living being is compounded. But if there is no harm to the elements themselves in each continually changing into another, why should a man have any apprehension about the change and dissolution of all the elements? For it is according to nature, and nothing is evil which is according to nature.
?Notes：
這是第二卷的最后一部分，作者再次強(qiáng)調(diào)的哲學(xué)的重要性。尊重自然法則，看淡死亡。
to say all in a word 一言以蔽之。 寫作文常用來總結(jié)全文的短語。類似的相信大家也能舉出很多，比如：in conclusion, last but not least, above of all等等。
hypocrisy [n] (disapproving) behaviour in which sb pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? e.g.: He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another.
allot [v] ~sth(to sb/sth)|~(sb/sth)sth to give time, money, tasks, etc. to sb/sth as a share of what is available.
?看了筆記注釋之后，先嘗試自己翻譯一下吧，參考譯文見下：
中文翻譯：
2.8?人的靈魂的確摧殘自身，首先是在它變成宇宙的一個(gè)腫塊的，或者說，就其可能而言變成一個(gè)贅生物的時(shí)候。因?yàn)?，為發(fā)生的事情煩惱就是使我們自己脫離本性－所有別的事物的本性都包含在這一本性的某一部分之中。其次，靈魂摧殘自身是在它被什么人排斥甚或懷著惡意攻擊的時(shí)候，那些憤怒的人的靈魂就是這樣。第三，靈魂摧殘自身是在它被快樂或痛苦壓倒的時(shí)候。第四，靈魂摧殘自身是在它扮演一個(gè)角色，言行不真誠的時(shí)候。第五，是在它讓自己的行動漫無目標(biāo)，不加考慮和不辨真相地做事的時(shí)候，因?yàn)樯踔磷钚〉氖虑橐仓挥性趨⒄找粋€(gè)來做時(shí)才是對的，而理性動物的目的就是要遵循理性和最古老的城邦和政府的法律。
2.9 在人的生活中，時(shí)間是瞬息即逝的一個(gè)點(diǎn)，實(shí)體處在流動之中，知覺是遲鈍的，整個(gè)身體的結(jié)構(gòu)容易分解，靈魂是一渦流，命運(yùn)之謎不可解，名聲并非根據(jù)明智的判斷。一言以蔽之，屬于身體的一切只是一道激流，屬于靈魂的只是一個(gè)夢幻，生命是一場戰(zhàn)爭，一個(gè)過客的旅居，身后的名聲也迅速落入忘川。那么一個(gè)人靠什么指引呢？惟有哲學(xué)。而這就在于使一個(gè)人心中的神不受摧殘，不受傷害，免于痛苦和快樂，不做無目的事情，而且毫不虛偽和欺瞞，并不感到需要別人做或不做任何事情，此外，接受所有對他發(fā)生的事情，所有分配給他的份額，不管它們是什么，就好象它們是從那兒，從他自己所來的地方來的；最后，以一種歡樂的心情等待死亡，把死亡看做不是別的，只是組成一切生物的元素的分解。而如果在一個(gè)事物不斷變化的過程中元素本身并沒有受到損害，為什么一個(gè)人竟憂慮所有這些元素的變化和分解呢？因?yàn)樗朗呛虾醣拘缘?，而合乎本性的東西都不是惡。
