雜談?dòng)⑽睦锏臉?biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
來(lái)源：滬江英語(yǔ)博客
2007-02-13 13:43
書(shū)、筆、紙、墨水。
大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么標(biāo)點(diǎn)呢？相信誰(shuí)都會(huì)說(shuō)是：頓號(hào)和句號(hào)啦。在英文句子里，也有頓號(hào)(、)和小圈兒句號(hào)(。)嗎？上面的句子以英文來(lái)寫(xiě)的話(huà)，就應(yīng)該是：
Book, pen, paper, ink.
可見(jiàn)在英文里是不用頓號(hào)和中文式句號(hào)的。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)在中、英文里的寫(xiě)法和用法有好多差別。下面就讓我們從一個(gè)中文里所沒(méi)有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)開(kāi)始吧。
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一、Apostrophe (')省字符號(hào)、所有格符號(hào)
這個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)在中文里是沒(méi)有的；但在英文里卻隨處可見(jiàn)。主要用在下列幾方面：
* 表示所有格 (所有格的變化也不少，詳細(xì)情形容后再談)
* 縮寫(xiě)式
* 表示一些數(shù)字、字母、日期、縮寫(xiě)的復(fù)數(shù)形式
1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在動(dòng)物方面)
1.1.1 在名詞(有生命的)后加上 's 表示單數(shù)所有格：
1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)
2. The boy's hat. (這男孩有一頂帽子)
3. The boy's hats. (這男孩有好幾頂帽子)
4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一個(gè)音節(jié)，結(jié)尾是 s, 所有格加 's)
5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的結(jié)尾是s, 而接下來(lái)的詞又以s開(kāi)始，那么，所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩！)
6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重復(fù)的z音，所有格只加 ')
7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一個(gè)音節(jié)，結(jié)尾s，所有格只加 ' 。為什么呢？好玩極了！)
8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law 之類(lèi)的復(fù)合名詞，所有格's加在結(jié)尾處)
9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon General是復(fù)合詞，同上。)
======= 哎呀！是不是覺(jué)得很亂？讓我們歸納一下：
A. 一般單數(shù)名詞(有生命的!)，所有格只在結(jié)尾加 's (第1-3句)
B. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 或ce，所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)
C. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 而跟著是以S開(kāi)頭的詞，所有格只加 ' (第5句)
D. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾音有重復(fù)的s或z音，或是eez音，所有格只加 ' (第6句)
E. 如果B項(xiàng)的名詞只有一個(gè)音節(jié)(syllable)，所有格只能加 's (第4句)
F. 如果B項(xiàng)的名詞有二個(gè)以上音節(jié)，所有格則只加 ' (第7句)
G. 復(fù)合詞類(lèi)處理法同A。(第8-9句)
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1.1.2 二人(或其他動(dòng)物)以上的所有格表示法：
1. The boys' shoes. (在復(fù)數(shù)boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)
2. The women's bags. (woman 的復(fù)數(shù)是 women, 所有格是 's)
3. The children's caps. (child 的復(fù)數(shù)是 children，和women同類(lèi)型，所有格加's)
4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的復(fù)數(shù)是 actresses，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)尾是 es, 因此所有格只加 '便可)
5. The babies' toys. (baby 的復(fù)數(shù)是 babies，結(jié)尾有es，因此所有格只加 ')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的復(fù)數(shù))
7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔，所有格還是加 's)
===== 同樣來(lái)歸納一下：
A.簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)數(shù)名詞(同樣是有生命的喔)的所有格寫(xiě)法是：先將原來(lái)單數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾加s變成數(shù)，然后在結(jié)尾處再加上 '即成。(第1句)
B. 如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞是由改變其內(nèi)的韻母形成的，所有格同單數(shù)名詞一樣，結(jié)尾加上 's(第2-3句)
C.如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)
D.如果是復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)合名詞，則先將主要單數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)成復(fù)數(shù)，然后在復(fù)合名詞尾加上's(第7句)
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1.1.3 如果是幾個(gè)名詞并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一個(gè)名詞尾：
1. Joe and Linda's house is being sold. 喬和琳達(dá)的房子已賣(mài)了。(這里表示房子是Joe和Linda所共有)
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1.1.4 如果幾個(gè)名詞是個(gè)別表示所有格時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞尾都須加上 's :
1. Mike's and Molly's grades have improved. 邁克和莫莉的成績(jī)已有進(jìn)步。(這里表示邁克和莫莉各別的成績(jī)都有進(jìn)步)
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1.1.5 不定式名詞的所有格是在詞尾加 's：
1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someone's某人的)
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1.1.6 代名詞的所有格不可加上 '或 's ：
1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪個(gè)人的，已有所有格的意思)
2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的，yours你的)
3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)
4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不屬于所有格)
5. That is your right. (your 你的)
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1.2 縮寫(xiě)式(Contractions):
1.2.1 在字詞、日期中一部份字母或數(shù)字被省略，以 ' 代之 。
1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not, gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2 名字、頭銜的縮寫(xiě)格式可省略 '
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可寫(xiě)成 L't , Wm=William, 不可寫(xiě)成 W'm)
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1.3 復(fù)數(shù)形式(Plurals):
1.3.1 當(dāng)一個(gè)詞在句子里能清楚反映其復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，不可再加 '：
1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可寫(xiě)成 if's , and's , but's)
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1.3.2 在句子里，當(dāng)一個(gè)詞僅僅作為一個(gè)詞時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式可加 's 使其含意更清晰：
1. He used twenty-five and's in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了25個(gè)and字。
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1.3.3 日期、數(shù)目字、只取首字母的縮寫(xiě)詞(acronyms)這類(lèi)以大寫(xiě)字母結(jié)尾時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)形式只需加上 s ，不必再加上 ' :
1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可寫(xiě)成Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可寫(xiě)成 1970's)
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1.3.4 當(dāng)一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母的復(fù)數(shù)形式可能會(huì)被誤解時(shí)，可加上 's 以表示復(fù)數(shù)：
1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three I's. 羅馬數(shù)字八的寫(xiě)法是V后加上三個(gè) I 。(這時(shí)如果 I's 只寫(xiě)成 Is , 就可能引起誤解)
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逗號(hào)/逗點(diǎn)在中文或英文里是再普通不過(guò)的一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；可是，它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。
二、Comma (，) 逗號(hào)、逗點(diǎn)
在英文里，逗號(hào)的用途有：
* 連接句子里不同的成份
* 分開(kāi)句子里不同的成份
* 突出句子里的某個(gè)成份
* 替代句子里的某個(gè)成份
成份指：詞、短語(yǔ)(phrase)、子句(clause)等。
2.1 連接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1 逗號(hào)用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等連接詞的兩個(gè)主要子句之間：
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 連接兩個(gè)子句)
2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以,and 連接兩個(gè)子句)
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2.2 分開(kāi)句子里不同的成份
2.2.1 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)兩個(gè)以上的并列形容詞：(如果并列的形容詞之間可加上and, but等，那就加上逗號(hào)；否則不可)
1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可寫(xiě)成 He is a tall and distinguished fellow.)
2. She is a little and old lady. (不可寫(xiě)成 She is a little, old lady.)
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2.2.2 在兩個(gè)修飾主語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)之間加上逗號(hào)(句短可不加)：
1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主語(yǔ)she)
2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必寫(xiě)成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)
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2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名稱(chēng)之前及后都要加上逗號(hào)(除了所有格的名稱(chēng)):
1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)
2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗號(hào))
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2.2.4 在追問(wèn)句之前加逗號(hào)：
1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令語(yǔ)氣，won't you?是追問(wèn))
2. You know the answer, don't you?
3. It is warm today, isn't it?
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2.2.5 一個(gè)以副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，如果它和前面的句子有關(guān)聯(lián)的話(huà)，必須在有關(guān)副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)后加上逗號(hào)：
1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一個(gè)句子以副詞 unfortunately 開(kāi)頭，同時(shí)這個(gè)句子和前一個(gè)句子有直接的關(guān)聯(lián))
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2.2.6 在句子里有超過(guò)三個(gè)并列詞或短語(yǔ)等，在最后一個(gè)，and, or, nor等之前加逗號(hào)：
1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class. (簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)就是 pencils, pens, notebooks 要寫(xiě)成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)
2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (...apples, and...)
3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up the staris, across the porch, into the house 是三個(gè)短語(yǔ)，在最后一個(gè)加 ,and)
4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious. (三個(gè) that she was...都是子句 )
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2.2.7 在句子中加上逗號(hào)，以免引起誤解：
1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was 之間不加逗號(hào)，是不是會(huì)引起誤解呢？)
2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到處是斷枝。 (如果outside 后去掉逗號(hào), 那意思就變成"在草坪的外面到處是斷枝。")
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2.2.8 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)引用句：
1. "You are beautiful," he said. (這個(gè)逗號(hào)要放在引號(hào)內(nèi))
2. Our teacher said, "Freedom is not license." (...said,)
3. "No," she said, "I was just testing your patience." (No, /....said,)
4. "Perhaps,"Tom responded, "I will try anyway." (Perhaps, /responded,)
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2.2.9 逗號(hào)用以分開(kāi)星期、月日、年份：
1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )
2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )
3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗號(hào))
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2.2.10 逗號(hào)用以分開(kāi)地名、省名、國(guó)名、街道名、巷弄名等：
1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.
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2.2.11 逗號(hào)用在 such as 和 especially 的前面：
1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
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2.3 突出句子中某個(gè)插入成份(Parenthetical elements):
所謂插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感嘆詞、狀語(yǔ)、副詞子句等。
2.3.1 句子里插入的詞、短語(yǔ)、子句等,加上逗號(hào)以示插入成份：
1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. ( 插入however)
2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)
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2.3.2 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)"乃此非彼"的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)
2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吳先生，不是胡先生)
3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)
4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. (為的是她的財(cái)富，不是為了她的嫵媚或個(gè)性)
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2.3.3 句中有非限制性的詞或短語(yǔ)之類(lèi)，以逗號(hào)標(biāo)出以示插入成份：
1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 為插入成份)
2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my English teacher)
3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is afamous scholar)
4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business. (試將插入成份 his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？)
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2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、國(guó)名并列，省、州、國(guó)名前后須加逗號(hào)：
1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 為插入成份)
2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France 為插入成份)
3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is wellknown.(Connecticut's 為所有格式，后面不可加逗號(hào)喔)
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2.3.5 句中帶著連接詞(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗號(hào)：
1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗號(hào))
2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league, and
even though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗號(hào))
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2.3.6 向人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，逗號(hào)放在對(duì)方名字或稱(chēng)謂之后、之前或者前后都加：
1. John, come here. (John, 逗號(hào)在名字之后)
2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗號(hào)放在名字之前)
3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗號(hào)放在稱(chēng)謂前面和后面)
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2.4 替代句子里某個(gè)成份
2.4.1 用逗號(hào)替代句子里某部份，表示字詞的省略：
1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本應(yīng)該是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)
2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本應(yīng)該是 John was the lazy one)
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終于搞定。你說(shuō)英文逗號(hào)容易用，還是中文逗號(hào)容易用？
標(biāo)點(diǎn)(Punctuation)好好玩
三、Period / Full Stop (.) 句號(hào)、句點(diǎn)
句號(hào)的寫(xiě)法，在英文里是個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)(.)，可在中文卻是個(gè)小圈兒(。)(在科學(xué)技術(shù)文章里也可用"小黑點(diǎn)")。用法也有些差異，在英文方面，最"好玩"的是用在縮寫(xiě)方面：
* 句號(hào)用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問(wèn)句等的句尾
* 句號(hào)用在縮寫(xiě)方面
* 句號(hào)用在數(shù)目字方面
3.1 句號(hào)用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問(wèn)句等的句尾：
3.1.1 用在陳述句(Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. I am leaving now.
2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.
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3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. Close the door.
2. Turn in your papers, please.
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3.1.3 用在禮貌的、祈使性的、以及間接疑問(wèn)句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻煩你給我三份。(不要看到Will you...就在句尾加問(wèn)號(hào)喔)
2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么時(shí)候會(huì)相信這個(gè)呢。
3. He asked if you can come. 他問(wèn)你能不能來(lái)。
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3.2 句號(hào)用在表示縮寫(xiě)(Abbreviation, Acronym):
3.2.1 縮寫(xiě)詞(Abbreviation)：(將一個(gè)字詞省略其中某些字母,字尾須加句號(hào))
1. 稱(chēng)呼：Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor /Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)
2. 時(shí)間：yr. = year, min.=minute
3. 星期：Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. = Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday
4. 月份：Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意：oct. = octave八度, nov. = novelist
小說(shuō)家, dec. = deceased亡故)
5. 國(guó)名：Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. = France / French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian
6. 其他：etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum / minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers (No. = Number 第幾號(hào)之意)
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3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的縮寫(xiě)詞)：
1. 公元：A.D. = Anno Domin(公元)，B.C. = Before Christ(公元前)
2. 郵政：G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender
3, 時(shí)間：a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午， p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem下午
4. 國(guó)名：U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America
5. 其他：F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息, r.p.m.= Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下頁(yè)，P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers' Association 家長(zhǎng)教師協(xié)會(huì)
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也許是大家覺(jué)得縮寫(xiě)詞后加個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)是件麻煩事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一些不加句點(diǎn)的縮寫(xiě)詞：
1. 組織名：UN, UNESCO, WTO
2. 數(shù)目：$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V
3. 常用詞：memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD, PS =Postscript 附言，SARS (現(xiàn)在是無(wú)人不知其大名的了！)
4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv
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3.3 句號(hào)用在數(shù)字方面：
3.3.1 表示小數(shù)點(diǎn)：
1. $12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg
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3.3.2 用于大綱列表：
例： I. 第一學(xué)期體育教學(xué)
1. 游泳
a. 自由式
注意：在括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字或字母，不可加句號(hào)：
(3), (b), (Iv)
====================================================
其實(shí)Period一點(diǎn)也不好玩的，你說(shuō)是嗎？
標(biāo)點(diǎn)(Punctuation)好好玩
四、Ellipsis (...) 省略號(hào)
英文省略號(hào)的寫(xiě)法是三個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)(...)，而中文是則是六點(diǎn)(......)。用法如下：
4.1 句子刪節(jié)
4.1.1 表示在引號(hào)中的刪節(jié)：
1. "...into that good night."
2. "You won't..." Lois began. (錯(cuò)誤："You won't...,")
3. "Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking out...of a spaceship."
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4.1.2 在句子中間刪節(jié)，跟著省略號(hào)的字母必須小寫(xiě)：
1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
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4.1.3 句尾刪節(jié)，要點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)(....)：
1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一點(diǎn)是句號(hào)? )
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4.2 表示在對(duì)話(huà)或敘述中的停頓、猶豫、躊躇、語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)調(diào)等：
1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, "Help...help me."
2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and jerking...then he ran for shelter.
3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
=================================================
4.3 段落的刪節(jié)
4.3.1 刪節(jié)一段以上，以一行小點(diǎn)代之：
This is paragraph 1.
................................. (表示刪節(jié)第2-4段)
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.2 如果段落刪節(jié)開(kāi)始開(kāi)某段的中間，點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)表示下面的文字被刪節(jié)：
This is.... (這里點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)，表示從這里開(kāi)始刪節(jié))
....................(這里點(diǎn)一行，表示其中的段落被刪節(jié))
This is paragraph 5.
---------------------------------------------------
4.3.3 如果刪節(jié)的最后一段只省略中間的一部份，最后一段的開(kāi)始處點(diǎn)三點(diǎn)：
This is paragraph 1.
................................
...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
====================================================
4.4 表示連結(jié) (以一長(zhǎng)串小黑點(diǎn)表示)
4.4.1 用于目錄：
Chapter 3.........................................page 45
====================================================
五、Quotation Marks 引號(hào) (當(dāng)沒(méi)有特別說(shuō)明時(shí)為雙引號(hào)"" Single Quotation Marks單引號(hào)‘ ')
5.1 直接引用，這是最常見(jiàn)的用法：
5.1.1 引號(hào)內(nèi)的引用句為原句：
1. She said, "Hurry up." 她說(shuō)："快點(diǎn)兒。" (注意中、英標(biāo)點(diǎn)用法不同處)
2. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
3. The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds.
4. "I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep," she yawned. (這里的引用句結(jié)尾是逗號(hào)，不可用句號(hào)喔)
5. They shouted,"Congratulations!" through the door.
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5.1.2 如果引用句本身為陳述句，而整句為問(wèn)句，那問(wèn)號(hào)就要加在引號(hào)之后：
1. Did he say, "I am going to college next year"? (注意是"......"？問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,"A living dog is better than a dead lion"? (整句是問(wèn)你同意引號(hào)內(nèi)的那句話(huà)嗎，所以問(wèn)號(hào)要加在句尾)
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5.1.3 如果引用句本身是個(gè)問(wèn)句，那問(wèn)號(hào)就要加在引號(hào)內(nèi)：
1. Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?" (這里"......?"這個(gè)問(wèn)句要放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。不可寫(xiě)成 Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?"?)
2. She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" (句尾同樣不可再加問(wèn)號(hào)喔)
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5.1.4 引用的字或短語(yǔ)如在整句中并無(wú)中斷，這時(shí)就不必加上逗號(hào)：
1. The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones.
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5.1.5 如引用句屬于句子的一部份，在引號(hào)前加冒號(hào)(:)：
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:"This above all, to thine own self be true."
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5.1.6 如果引用句內(nèi)又有引用句，那就要用單引號(hào)(‘ ')以示區(qū)別：
1. George explained, "I heard her say, ‘Go away!'so I left."
2. He said, "Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.'" (注意句尾的句號(hào)是在單引號(hào)內(nèi)，而句尾的單引號(hào)和雙引號(hào)之間不可再加標(biāo)點(diǎn))
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5.1.7 引用句有兩段以上時(shí)，只在每一段開(kāi)始用引號(hào)(")，直到結(jié)束段最后才加引號(hào)(")：
"This is paragraph 1 (這里只用")
"This is paragraph 2 (這里也只用")
"This is paragraph 3." (最后就要用"")
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5.1.8 多人對(duì)話(huà)式引用句，各對(duì)話(huà)各占一段：
"I'll do my best,"he said. (引用句結(jié)尾用的是逗號(hào)，而不是句號(hào),因?yàn)榻又衕e said)
"How old is he?"she asked.
"According to his passport he's thirty-one." (這里的引用句結(jié)尾用句號(hào)，因?yàn)闆](méi)有he said)
"And what is his real name?"
"Wilson."
"Edward Wilson,"she said softly.
==================================================
5.2 引用句屬"無(wú)聲對(duì)話(huà)"，加不加引號(hào)都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a beautiful morning 這句話(huà)是Curly 對(duì)自己說(shuō)的，并沒(méi)發(fā)出聲音,不必加上引號(hào))
2. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to himself. (加上引號(hào)也行)
==================================================
5.3 間接引用語(yǔ)不可加上引號(hào)：
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的話(huà)并非原話(huà)，因此不必加上引號(hào))
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore.
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5.4 文章、報(bào)告、評(píng)論、短篇故事、詩(shī)歌、戲劇、電影等標(biāo)題/篇名都用引號(hào)
5.4.1 在句子中提到的標(biāo)題或篇名用雙引號(hào)("")：
1. My favorite short story is "The Treasure." (句尾的句號(hào)放在引號(hào)內(nèi)是美國(guó)式的；英國(guó)式的則放在引號(hào)外"The Treasure".)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's "Design."
3. The poem "Trees" was written by Joyce Kilmer. ("Trees"在句中，不可加其他標(biāo)點(diǎn))
4. "The Time Machine" is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's "Henry V"? (除了句號(hào)及逗號(hào)，其他如問(wèn)號(hào)等的位置，須視句子而定)
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5.4.2 在報(bào)章標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)的引號(hào)，應(yīng)為單引號(hào)(‘ '):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!'
===================================================
5.5 特殊詞匯
5.5.1 當(dāng)引號(hào)加在一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)或特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞匯上時(shí)，引號(hào)前不可加逗號(hào)：
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an "hemangioma." (不可寫(xiě)成...as an, "hemangioma.")
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being',as opposed to his treatment of‘non-being', has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲學(xué)上的關(guān)鍵概念應(yīng)用單引號(hào)，奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒號(hào)
冒號(hào)在中文或英文里都是一個(gè)相當(dāng)常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，在用法上也大致一樣。注意：
* 冒號(hào)前不可有空格
* 冒號(hào)后可加一空格
* 冒號(hào)后千萬(wàn)不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先來(lái)看看下面的例子，你以為句子中的冒號(hào)用法對(duì)嗎？
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
如果你的答案是對(duì)，那你就錯(cuò)了！這是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的冒號(hào)用法上的錯(cuò)誤。正確的用法，看下去就會(huì)明白了。這里且讓我們從最簡(jiǎn)單的用法開(kāi)始吧。
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6.1 冒號(hào)用在公函上收信人的稱(chēng)呼
Dear Sir: (你看，冒號(hào)前沒(méi)有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
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6.2 冒號(hào)用于分開(kāi)標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題(當(dāng)一標(biāo)題需要進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明時(shí)所加上的副標(biāo)題)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks (標(biāo)題Math Applications和副標(biāo)題Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之間以冒號(hào)隔開(kāi))
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak Furniture是書(shū)名，the British Tradition是副標(biāo)題)
=============================================
6.3 冒號(hào)必須加在完整句子或獨(dú)立子句之后
最常見(jiàn)的冒號(hào)用法上的錯(cuò)誤就是將冒號(hào)放在完整句或獨(dú)立子句的中間?？纯聪旅娴睦樱?br>
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？顯然意思并不完整。因此句子中的冒號(hào)是多馀的。如果要用冒號(hào)的話(huà)，上面句子應(yīng)該寫(xiě)成下面的樣子：
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
看看冒號(hào)前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的意思呢？"每一位修理員必備三樣?xùn)|西"可見(jiàn)意思是完整的，雖然你還會(huì)問(wèn)是哪三樣?xùn)|西呢？因此冒號(hào)后面就列出那三樣?xùn)|西了。
現(xiàn)在我們知道在冒號(hào)前必須是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒號(hào)后的可不一定是個(gè)句子或子句。它可能是一個(gè)列表，甚至可能只是一個(gè)單詞。因此前面舉的那個(gè)例子錯(cuò)在哪里也就明白了吧。下面給出它的正誤句：
錯(cuò)誤句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
正確句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
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6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持續(xù)干旱). (冒號(hào)后說(shuō)明非洲所面對(duì)的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you risk AIDS. (說(shuō)明你的處境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (說(shuō)明她肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (說(shuō)明為什么那么容易找到那個(gè)地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above all, Larry. (說(shuō)明是哪幾個(gè)朋友)
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6.3.2 反過(guò)來(lái)也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized linguistics in one way or another.
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6.4 冒號(hào)用于注明引用圣經(jīng)的章節(jié)
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
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6.5 冒號(hào)用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比1,用文字說(shuō)就是by more than four to one)
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6.6 冒號(hào)用于表示時(shí)間(美國(guó)式)
1. 2:15 (兩點(diǎn)十五分) (英國(guó)式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一點(diǎn)三十分) (英國(guó)式 11.30 am)
大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么標(biāo)點(diǎn)呢？相信誰(shuí)都會(huì)說(shuō)是：頓號(hào)和句號(hào)啦。在英文句子里，也有頓號(hào)(、)和小圈兒句號(hào)(。)嗎？上面的句子以英文來(lái)寫(xiě)的話(huà)，就應(yīng)該是：
Book, pen, paper, ink.
可見(jiàn)在英文里是不用頓號(hào)和中文式句號(hào)的。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)在中、英文里的寫(xiě)法和用法有好多差別。下面就讓我們從一個(gè)中文里所沒(méi)有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)開(kāi)始吧。
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一、Apostrophe (')省字符號(hào)、所有格符號(hào)
這個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)在中文里是沒(méi)有的；但在英文里卻隨處可見(jiàn)。主要用在下列幾方面：
* 表示所有格 (所有格的變化也不少，詳細(xì)情形容后再談)
* 縮寫(xiě)式
* 表示一些數(shù)字、字母、日期、縮寫(xiě)的復(fù)數(shù)形式
1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在動(dòng)物方面)
1.1.1 在名詞(有生命的)后加上 's 表示單數(shù)所有格：
1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)
2. The boy's hat. (這男孩有一頂帽子)
3. The boy's hats. (這男孩有好幾頂帽子)
4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一個(gè)音節(jié)，結(jié)尾是 s, 所有格加 's)
5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的結(jié)尾是s, 而接下來(lái)的詞又以s開(kāi)始，那么，所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩！)
6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重復(fù)的z音，所有格只加 ')
7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一個(gè)音節(jié)，結(jié)尾s，所有格只加 ' 。為什么呢？好玩極了！)
8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law 之類(lèi)的復(fù)合名詞，所有格's加在結(jié)尾處)
9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon General是復(fù)合詞，同上。)
======= 哎呀！是不是覺(jué)得很亂？讓我們歸納一下：
A. 一般單數(shù)名詞(有生命的!)，所有格只在結(jié)尾加 's (第1-3句)
B. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 或ce，所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)
C. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 而跟著是以S開(kāi)頭的詞，所有格只加 ' (第5句)
D. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾音有重復(fù)的s或z音，或是eez音，所有格只加 ' (第6句)
E. 如果B項(xiàng)的名詞只有一個(gè)音節(jié)(syllable)，所有格只能加 's (第4句)
F. 如果B項(xiàng)的名詞有二個(gè)以上音節(jié)，所有格則只加 ' (第7句)
G. 復(fù)合詞類(lèi)處理法同A。(第8-9句)
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1.1.2 二人(或其他動(dòng)物)以上的所有格表示法：
1. The boys' shoes. (在復(fù)數(shù)boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)
2. The women's bags. (woman 的復(fù)數(shù)是 women, 所有格是 's)
3. The children's caps. (child 的復(fù)數(shù)是 children，和women同類(lèi)型，所有格加's)
4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的復(fù)數(shù)是 actresses，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)尾是 es, 因此所有格只加 '便可)
5. The babies' toys. (baby 的復(fù)數(shù)是 babies，結(jié)尾有es，因此所有格只加 ')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的復(fù)數(shù))
7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔，所有格還是加 's)
===== 同樣來(lái)歸納一下：
A.簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)數(shù)名詞(同樣是有生命的喔)的所有格寫(xiě)法是：先將原來(lái)單數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾加s變成數(shù)，然后在結(jié)尾處再加上 '即成。(第1句)
B. 如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞是由改變其內(nèi)的韻母形成的，所有格同單數(shù)名詞一樣，結(jié)尾加上 's(第2-3句)
C.如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)
D.如果是復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)合名詞，則先將主要單數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)成復(fù)數(shù)，然后在復(fù)合名詞尾加上's(第7句)
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1.1.3 如果是幾個(gè)名詞并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一個(gè)名詞尾：
1. Joe and Linda's house is being sold. 喬和琳達(dá)的房子已賣(mài)了。(這里表示房子是Joe和Linda所共有)
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1.1.4 如果幾個(gè)名詞是個(gè)別表示所有格時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞尾都須加上 's :
1. Mike's and Molly's grades have improved. 邁克和莫莉的成績(jī)已有進(jìn)步。(這里表示邁克和莫莉各別的成績(jī)都有進(jìn)步)
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1.1.5 不定式名詞的所有格是在詞尾加 's：
1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someone's某人的)
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1.1.6 代名詞的所有格不可加上 '或 's ：
1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪個(gè)人的，已有所有格的意思)
2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的，yours你的)
3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)
4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不屬于所有格)
5. That is your right. (your 你的)
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1.2 縮寫(xiě)式(Contractions):
1.2.1 在字詞、日期中一部份字母或數(shù)字被省略，以 ' 代之 。
1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not, gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2 名字、頭銜的縮寫(xiě)格式可省略 '
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可寫(xiě)成 L't , Wm=William, 不可寫(xiě)成 W'm)
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1.3 復(fù)數(shù)形式(Plurals):
1.3.1 當(dāng)一個(gè)詞在句子里能清楚反映其復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，不可再加 '：
1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可寫(xiě)成 if's , and's , but's)
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1.3.2 在句子里，當(dāng)一個(gè)詞僅僅作為一個(gè)詞時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式可加 's 使其含意更清晰：
1. He used twenty-five and's in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了25個(gè)and字。
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1.3.3 日期、數(shù)目字、只取首字母的縮寫(xiě)詞(acronyms)這類(lèi)以大寫(xiě)字母結(jié)尾時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)形式只需加上 s ，不必再加上 ' :
1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可寫(xiě)成Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可寫(xiě)成 1970's)
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1.3.4 當(dāng)一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母的復(fù)數(shù)形式可能會(huì)被誤解時(shí)，可加上 's 以表示復(fù)數(shù)：
1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three I's. 羅馬數(shù)字八的寫(xiě)法是V后加上三個(gè) I 。(這時(shí)如果 I's 只寫(xiě)成 Is , 就可能引起誤解)
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逗號(hào)/逗點(diǎn)在中文或英文里是再普通不過(guò)的一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；可是，它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。
二、Comma (，) 逗號(hào)、逗點(diǎn)
在英文里，逗號(hào)的用途有：
* 連接句子里不同的成份
* 分開(kāi)句子里不同的成份
* 突出句子里的某個(gè)成份
* 替代句子里的某個(gè)成份
成份指：詞、短語(yǔ)(phrase)、子句(clause)等。
2.1 連接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1 逗號(hào)用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等連接詞的兩個(gè)主要子句之間：
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 連接兩個(gè)子句)
2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以,and 連接兩個(gè)子句)
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2.2 分開(kāi)句子里不同的成份
2.2.1 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)兩個(gè)以上的并列形容詞：(如果并列的形容詞之間可加上and, but等，那就加上逗號(hào)；否則不可)
1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可寫(xiě)成 He is a tall and distinguished fellow.)
2. She is a little and old lady. (不可寫(xiě)成 She is a little, old lady.)
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2.2.2 在兩個(gè)修飾主語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)之間加上逗號(hào)(句短可不加)：
1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主語(yǔ)she)
2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必寫(xiě)成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)
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2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名稱(chēng)之前及后都要加上逗號(hào)(除了所有格的名稱(chēng)):
1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)
2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗號(hào))
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2.2.4 在追問(wèn)句之前加逗號(hào)：
1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令語(yǔ)氣，won't you?是追問(wèn))
2. You know the answer, don't you?
3. It is warm today, isn't it?
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2.2.5 一個(gè)以副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，如果它和前面的句子有關(guān)聯(lián)的話(huà)，必須在有關(guān)副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)后加上逗號(hào)：
1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一個(gè)句子以副詞 unfortunately 開(kāi)頭，同時(shí)這個(gè)句子和前一個(gè)句子有直接的關(guān)聯(lián))
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2.2.6 在句子里有超過(guò)三個(gè)并列詞或短語(yǔ)等，在最后一個(gè)，and, or, nor等之前加逗號(hào)：
1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class. (簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)就是 pencils, pens, notebooks 要寫(xiě)成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)
2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (...apples, and...)
3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up the staris, across the porch, into the house 是三個(gè)短語(yǔ)，在最后一個(gè)加 ,and)
4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious. (三個(gè) that she was...都是子句 )
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2.2.7 在句子中加上逗號(hào)，以免引起誤解：
1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was 之間不加逗號(hào)，是不是會(huì)引起誤解呢？)
2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到處是斷枝。 (如果outside 后去掉逗號(hào), 那意思就變成"在草坪的外面到處是斷枝。")
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2.2.8 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)引用句：
1. "You are beautiful," he said. (這個(gè)逗號(hào)要放在引號(hào)內(nèi))
2. Our teacher said, "Freedom is not license." (...said,)
3. "No," she said, "I was just testing your patience." (No, /....said,)
4. "Perhaps,"Tom responded, "I will try anyway." (Perhaps, /responded,)
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2.2.9 逗號(hào)用以分開(kāi)星期、月日、年份：
1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )
2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )
3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗號(hào))
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2.2.10 逗號(hào)用以分開(kāi)地名、省名、國(guó)名、街道名、巷弄名等：
1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.
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2.2.11 逗號(hào)用在 such as 和 especially 的前面：
1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
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2.3 突出句子中某個(gè)插入成份(Parenthetical elements):
所謂插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感嘆詞、狀語(yǔ)、副詞子句等。
2.3.1 句子里插入的詞、短語(yǔ)、子句等,加上逗號(hào)以示插入成份：
1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. ( 插入however)
2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)
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2.3.2 用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)"乃此非彼"的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)
2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吳先生，不是胡先生)
3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)
4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. (為的是她的財(cái)富，不是為了她的嫵媚或個(gè)性)
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2.3.3 句中有非限制性的詞或短語(yǔ)之類(lèi)，以逗號(hào)標(biāo)出以示插入成份：
1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 為插入成份)
2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my English teacher)
3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is afamous scholar)
4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business. (試將插入成份 his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？)
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2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、國(guó)名并列，省、州、國(guó)名前后須加逗號(hào)：
1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 為插入成份)
2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France 為插入成份)
3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is wellknown.(Connecticut's 為所有格式，后面不可加逗號(hào)喔)
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2.3.5 句中帶著連接詞(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗號(hào)：
1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗號(hào))
2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league, and
even though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗號(hào))
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2.3.6 向人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，逗號(hào)放在對(duì)方名字或稱(chēng)謂之后、之前或者前后都加：
1. John, come here. (John, 逗號(hào)在名字之后)
2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗號(hào)放在名字之前)
3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗號(hào)放在稱(chēng)謂前面和后面)
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2.4 替代句子里某個(gè)成份
2.4.1 用逗號(hào)替代句子里某部份，表示字詞的省略：
1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本應(yīng)該是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)
2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本應(yīng)該是 John was the lazy one)
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終于搞定。你說(shuō)英文逗號(hào)容易用，還是中文逗號(hào)容易用？
標(biāo)點(diǎn)(Punctuation)好好玩
三、Period / Full Stop (.) 句號(hào)、句點(diǎn)
句號(hào)的寫(xiě)法，在英文里是個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)(.)，可在中文卻是個(gè)小圈兒(。)(在科學(xué)技術(shù)文章里也可用"小黑點(diǎn)")。用法也有些差異，在英文方面，最"好玩"的是用在縮寫(xiě)方面：
* 句號(hào)用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問(wèn)句等的句尾
* 句號(hào)用在縮寫(xiě)方面
* 句號(hào)用在數(shù)目字方面
3.1 句號(hào)用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問(wèn)句等的句尾：
3.1.1 用在陳述句(Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. I am leaving now.
2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.
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3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. Close the door.
2. Turn in your papers, please.
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3.1.3 用在禮貌的、祈使性的、以及間接疑問(wèn)句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子結(jié)束：
1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻煩你給我三份。(不要看到Will you...就在句尾加問(wèn)號(hào)喔)
2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么時(shí)候會(huì)相信這個(gè)呢。
3. He asked if you can come. 他問(wèn)你能不能來(lái)。
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3.2 句號(hào)用在表示縮寫(xiě)(Abbreviation, Acronym):
3.2.1 縮寫(xiě)詞(Abbreviation)：(將一個(gè)字詞省略其中某些字母,字尾須加句號(hào))
1. 稱(chēng)呼：Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor /Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)
2. 時(shí)間：yr. = year, min.=minute
3. 星期：Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. = Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday
4. 月份：Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意：oct. = octave八度, nov. = novelist
小說(shuō)家, dec. = deceased亡故)
5. 國(guó)名：Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. = France / French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian
6. 其他：etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum / minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers (No. = Number 第幾號(hào)之意)
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3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的縮寫(xiě)詞)：
1. 公元：A.D. = Anno Domin(公元)，B.C. = Before Christ(公元前)
2. 郵政：G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender
3, 時(shí)間：a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午， p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem下午
4. 國(guó)名：U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America
5. 其他：F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息, r.p.m.= Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下頁(yè)，P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers' Association 家長(zhǎng)教師協(xié)會(huì)
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也許是大家覺(jué)得縮寫(xiě)詞后加個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)是件麻煩事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一些不加句點(diǎn)的縮寫(xiě)詞：
1. 組織名：UN, UNESCO, WTO
2. 數(shù)目：$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V
3. 常用詞：memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD, PS =Postscript 附言，SARS (現(xiàn)在是無(wú)人不知其大名的了！)
4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv
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3.3 句號(hào)用在數(shù)字方面：
3.3.1 表示小數(shù)點(diǎn)：
1. $12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg
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3.3.2 用于大綱列表：
例： I. 第一學(xué)期體育教學(xué)
1. 游泳
a. 自由式
注意：在括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字或字母，不可加句號(hào)：
(3), (b), (Iv)
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其實(shí)Period一點(diǎn)也不好玩的，你說(shuō)是嗎？
標(biāo)點(diǎn)(Punctuation)好好玩
四、Ellipsis (...) 省略號(hào)
英文省略號(hào)的寫(xiě)法是三個(gè)小黑點(diǎn)(...)，而中文是則是六點(diǎn)(......)。用法如下：
4.1 句子刪節(jié)
4.1.1 表示在引號(hào)中的刪節(jié)：
1. "...into that good night."
2. "You won't..." Lois began. (錯(cuò)誤："You won't...,")
3. "Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking out...of a spaceship."
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4.1.2 在句子中間刪節(jié)，跟著省略號(hào)的字母必須小寫(xiě)：
1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
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4.1.3 句尾刪節(jié)，要點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)(....)：
1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一點(diǎn)是句號(hào)? )
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4.2 表示在對(duì)話(huà)或敘述中的停頓、猶豫、躊躇、語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)調(diào)等：
1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, "Help...help me."
2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and jerking...then he ran for shelter.
3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
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4.3 段落的刪節(jié)
4.3.1 刪節(jié)一段以上，以一行小點(diǎn)代之：
This is paragraph 1.
................................. (表示刪節(jié)第2-4段)
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.2 如果段落刪節(jié)開(kāi)始開(kāi)某段的中間，點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)表示下面的文字被刪節(jié)：
This is.... (這里點(diǎn)四點(diǎn)，表示從這里開(kāi)始刪節(jié))
....................(這里點(diǎn)一行，表示其中的段落被刪節(jié))
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.3 如果刪節(jié)的最后一段只省略中間的一部份，最后一段的開(kāi)始處點(diǎn)三點(diǎn)：
This is paragraph 1.
................................
...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
====================================================
4.4 表示連結(jié) (以一長(zhǎng)串小黑點(diǎn)表示)
4.4.1 用于目錄：
Chapter 3.........................................page 45
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五、Quotation Marks 引號(hào) (當(dāng)沒(méi)有特別說(shuō)明時(shí)為雙引號(hào)"" Single Quotation Marks單引號(hào)‘ ')
5.1 直接引用，這是最常見(jiàn)的用法：
5.1.1 引號(hào)內(nèi)的引用句為原句：
1. She said, "Hurry up." 她說(shuō)："快點(diǎn)兒。" (注意中、英標(biāo)點(diǎn)用法不同處)
2. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
3. The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds.
4. "I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep," she yawned. (這里的引用句結(jié)尾是逗號(hào)，不可用句號(hào)喔)
5. They shouted,"Congratulations!" through the door.
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5.1.2 如果引用句本身為陳述句，而整句為問(wèn)句，那問(wèn)號(hào)就要加在引號(hào)之后：
1. Did he say, "I am going to college next year"? (注意是"......"？問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,"A living dog is better than a dead lion"? (整句是問(wèn)你同意引號(hào)內(nèi)的那句話(huà)嗎，所以問(wèn)號(hào)要加在句尾)
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5.1.3 如果引用句本身是個(gè)問(wèn)句，那問(wèn)號(hào)就要加在引號(hào)內(nèi)：
1. Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?" (這里"......?"這個(gè)問(wèn)句要放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。不可寫(xiě)成 Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?"?)
2. She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" (句尾同樣不可再加問(wèn)號(hào)喔)
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5.1.4 引用的字或短語(yǔ)如在整句中并無(wú)中斷，這時(shí)就不必加上逗號(hào)：
1. The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones.
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5.1.5 如引用句屬于句子的一部份，在引號(hào)前加冒號(hào)(:)：
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:"This above all, to thine own self be true."
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5.1.6 如果引用句內(nèi)又有引用句，那就要用單引號(hào)(‘ ')以示區(qū)別：
1. George explained, "I heard her say, ‘Go away!'so I left."
2. He said, "Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.'" (注意句尾的句號(hào)是在單引號(hào)內(nèi)，而句尾的單引號(hào)和雙引號(hào)之間不可再加標(biāo)點(diǎn))
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5.1.7 引用句有兩段以上時(shí)，只在每一段開(kāi)始用引號(hào)(")，直到結(jié)束段最后才加引號(hào)(")：
"This is paragraph 1 (這里只用")
"This is paragraph 2 (這里也只用")
"This is paragraph 3." (最后就要用"")
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5.1.8 多人對(duì)話(huà)式引用句，各對(duì)話(huà)各占一段：
"I'll do my best,"he said. (引用句結(jié)尾用的是逗號(hào)，而不是句號(hào),因?yàn)榻又衕e said)
"How old is he?"she asked.
"According to his passport he's thirty-one." (這里的引用句結(jié)尾用句號(hào)，因?yàn)闆](méi)有he said)
"And what is his real name?"
"Wilson."
"Edward Wilson,"she said softly.
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5.2 引用句屬"無(wú)聲對(duì)話(huà)"，加不加引號(hào)都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a beautiful morning 這句話(huà)是Curly 對(duì)自己說(shuō)的，并沒(méi)發(fā)出聲音,不必加上引號(hào))
2. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to himself. (加上引號(hào)也行)
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5.3 間接引用語(yǔ)不可加上引號(hào)：
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的話(huà)并非原話(huà)，因此不必加上引號(hào))
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore.
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5.4 文章、報(bào)告、評(píng)論、短篇故事、詩(shī)歌、戲劇、電影等標(biāo)題/篇名都用引號(hào)
5.4.1 在句子中提到的標(biāo)題或篇名用雙引號(hào)("")：
1. My favorite short story is "The Treasure." (句尾的句號(hào)放在引號(hào)內(nèi)是美國(guó)式的；英國(guó)式的則放在引號(hào)外"The Treasure".)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's "Design."
3. The poem "Trees" was written by Joyce Kilmer. ("Trees"在句中，不可加其他標(biāo)點(diǎn))
4. "The Time Machine" is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's "Henry V"? (除了句號(hào)及逗號(hào)，其他如問(wèn)號(hào)等的位置，須視句子而定)
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5.4.2 在報(bào)章標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)的引號(hào)，應(yīng)為單引號(hào)(‘ '):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!'
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5.5 特殊詞匯
5.5.1 當(dāng)引號(hào)加在一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)或特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞匯上時(shí)，引號(hào)前不可加逗號(hào)：
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an "hemangioma." (不可寫(xiě)成...as an, "hemangioma.")
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being',as opposed to his treatment of‘non-being', has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲學(xué)上的關(guān)鍵概念應(yīng)用單引號(hào)，奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒號(hào)
冒號(hào)在中文或英文里都是一個(gè)相當(dāng)常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，在用法上也大致一樣。注意：
* 冒號(hào)前不可有空格
* 冒號(hào)后可加一空格
* 冒號(hào)后千萬(wàn)不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先來(lái)看看下面的例子，你以為句子中的冒號(hào)用法對(duì)嗎？
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
如果你的答案是對(duì)，那你就錯(cuò)了！這是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的冒號(hào)用法上的錯(cuò)誤。正確的用法，看下去就會(huì)明白了。這里且讓我們從最簡(jiǎn)單的用法開(kāi)始吧。
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6.1 冒號(hào)用在公函上收信人的稱(chēng)呼
Dear Sir: (你看，冒號(hào)前沒(méi)有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
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6.2 冒號(hào)用于分開(kāi)標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題(當(dāng)一標(biāo)題需要進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明時(shí)所加上的副標(biāo)題)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks (標(biāo)題Math Applications和副標(biāo)題Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之間以冒號(hào)隔開(kāi))
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak Furniture是書(shū)名，the British Tradition是副標(biāo)題)
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6.3 冒號(hào)必須加在完整句子或獨(dú)立子句之后
最常見(jiàn)的冒號(hào)用法上的錯(cuò)誤就是將冒號(hào)放在完整句或獨(dú)立子句的中間?？纯聪旅娴睦樱?br>
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？顯然意思并不完整。因此句子中的冒號(hào)是多馀的。如果要用冒號(hào)的話(huà)，上面句子應(yīng)該寫(xiě)成下面的樣子：
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
看看冒號(hào)前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的意思呢？"每一位修理員必備三樣?xùn)|西"可見(jiàn)意思是完整的，雖然你還會(huì)問(wèn)是哪三樣?xùn)|西呢？因此冒號(hào)后面就列出那三樣?xùn)|西了。
現(xiàn)在我們知道在冒號(hào)前必須是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒號(hào)后的可不一定是個(gè)句子或子句。它可能是一個(gè)列表，甚至可能只是一個(gè)單詞。因此前面舉的那個(gè)例子錯(cuò)在哪里也就明白了吧。下面給出它的正誤句：
錯(cuò)誤句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
正確句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
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6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持續(xù)干旱). (冒號(hào)后說(shuō)明非洲所面對(duì)的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you risk AIDS. (說(shuō)明你的處境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (說(shuō)明她肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (說(shuō)明為什么那么容易找到那個(gè)地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above all, Larry. (說(shuō)明是哪幾個(gè)朋友)
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6.3.2 反過(guò)來(lái)也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized linguistics in one way or another.
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6.4 冒號(hào)用于注明引用圣經(jīng)的章節(jié)
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
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6.5 冒號(hào)用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比1,用文字說(shuō)就是by more than four to one)
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6.6 冒號(hào)用于表示時(shí)間(美國(guó)式)
1. 2:15 (兩點(diǎn)十五分) (英國(guó)式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一點(diǎn)三十分) (英國(guó)式 11.30 am)
- 相關(guān)熱點(diǎn)：
- 英文字母
- 英語(yǔ)句型
- 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)口語(yǔ)
