Passage One

【結構分析】滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

說明文。本文比較了人們通過各種媒介交流時說謊話的幾率，并分析了原因。文章思路為：研究方式及結果——與研究結果不同的觀點——論證研究結果——研究結果的利用價值。

Para.1—Para.2: 研究結果：各種交流媒介中，人們在打電話時說謊的幾率最高，發(fā)電子郵件時說謊話的幾率最低（第二段前半段介紹了研究方式）。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

Para.3: 與研究結果不同的意見：部分心理學家的看法與該研究結果恰好相反。

Para.4—Para.5: 研究者對研究結果予以論證。

Para.6: 研究結果可能的利用價值：幫助公司為員工找出最好的交流方式。

Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded — and can come back to haunt (困擾) you — appears to be the key to the finding.滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接觸) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

People are also more likely to lie in real time — in an instant message or phone call, say — than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脫口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as :“Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his results, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.?

57. Hancock’s study focuses on _________ .滬
江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
考查細節(jié)→尋讀法→句層次上對明示細節(jié)的理解滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] the consequences of lying in various communications media（未提及）
[B] the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas（文章只在第一句提到了communications technologies）
[C] people’s references in selecting communication technologies（未提及）
[D] people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
文中的compare honesty across a range of communications media實際上就是指“比較人們通過各種媒介進行交流時所體現(xiàn)的誠實度（honesty level）”，因此[D]項為答案。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that _________ .

考查細節(jié)→并列處命題→尋讀法→句層次上對明示細節(jié)的理解滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] people are less likely to lie in instant messages（未提及）
[B] people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions（第三段的Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges表明，對Hancock的研究表示驚訝的另一些心理學家認為人們在面對面交流時更容易說謊。[B]項與此矛盾，應排除。）滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[C] people are most likely to lie in email communication
文中指出，Hancock的研究令一些心理學家非常吃驚，其中一些心理學家認為人們在使用電子郵件進行交流時最容易說謊（e-mailers to be the biggest liars），[C]項與此同義，為答案。
[D] people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations（依據(jù)第一段中people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails設計的干擾項。但這是Hancock的研究結果，與題干不符。）滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

考查細節(jié)→尋讀法→段落次上對隱含細節(jié)的理解滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
結合文中第四段的一、二句可知，如果一個人的交流內(nèi)容被作了記錄有被重讀的可能，可以日后拿來與他對證的話，他就比較傾向于說真話了。選項[C]中的leaving behind traces of their lies就是指文中的conversation is being recorded and could be reread。
[B] They believe that honesty is the best policy.
[C] They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
[D] They are most practised at those forms of communication.

60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because _________ .

考查細節(jié)→定語從句處命題→尋讀法→句層次上對明示細節(jié)的理解滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] salesmen can talk directly to their customers
[B] salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
末段提到：由Hancock的研究結果可知，銷售人員與客戶聯(lián)系時最好采用電話方式，因為在電話里往往可以夸大事實，盡量吹噓產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)點，[B]項與此同義。選項中的feel less restrained to exaggerate對應文中的are encouraged to stretch the truth。其他三項與文章主題無關。
[C] salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
[D] salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively

61. It can be inferred from the passage that _________ .

考查細節(jié)→尋讀法→段落次上對隱含細節(jié)的理解滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications（未提及）
[B] more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees（依據(jù)文章末句設計的干擾項）
[C] suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
末段首句指出Hancock的研究可以幫各家公司設為雇員設計出最好的交流方式。后面又舉了兩個例子：銷售產(chǎn)品時最好采用電話方式；工作評估時最好采取電子郵件的方式。由此可知，交流目的不同，適合的交流媒介也不同，應相應進行選擇。
[D] email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company（未提及）


【語境記憶】

when it comes to … 談到…，涉及到…
the key to …? …的關鍵
last vi. 持續(xù)
confess to 承認，坦白
work out? 計算出；設計出滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
make up 構成，組成
present [音標] vt. 提出（論點、看法等），呈現(xiàn)
reason vt. 推理；辯論
in real time 即時地，實時地
hold sb. to account 與某人對證
unexpected? [音標] a.想不到的，出其不意的
stretch truth 說的過分，夸大事實

滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
【參考譯文】

在傳達信息的真實性方面，各種通訊技術間差別極大。第一項比較與通訊媒介的相關的誠實度的研究表明，人們在電話中說謊的幾率比在電子郵件中高出兩倍。而電子郵件可以自動保存記錄的這個事實（當別人回復你的信件時，多數(shù)電子郵件程序會自動引用你曾說過的話）——這些記錄的存留會回來困擾你——似乎是這項研究結果的關鍵所在。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
紐約州伊瑟佳市康奈爾大學的Jeff Hancock教授讓30名學生用日記記錄自己一周內(nèi)與人交流的情況。在日記中，學生們記錄了自己與人交流十分鐘以上的談話或所發(fā)的發(fā)郵，并且坦白承認自己在其間撒了多少謊。Hancock統(tǒng)計了使用每種通訊媒介交流時所說謊的次數(shù)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)電子郵件中謊話的比例占14%，即時消息里占21%，面對面交談中有27%，而電話交談中則高達37%。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com

四月在奧地利的維也納舉行的人機互動交流大會上 ，他展示的研究結果令一些心理學家非常吃驚。一些心理學家認為在電子郵件中人們說謊話的幾率會最大，并給出理由說是欺騙會使人不安，因此以非直接接觸的方式發(fā)郵件使人說起謊來更容易一些。另一些心理學家則認為人們在進行面對面的交流時說的謊話會多一些，是因為我們最擅長于用那種方式交流。但是Hancock說問題的關鍵還在于交流的內(nèi)容有沒有被記錄，有沒有被重讀的可能性，以及談話是否為即時性的。他還認為，當人們知道交流內(nèi)容日后可能被拿來與他們對證時，似乎就不太敢說謊了。這也正是電子郵件中的謊言要比電話中少的原因。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
Hancock指出，與有時間考慮如何作答的情況不同，人們在即時交流——比如在發(fā)送即時消息或是打電話——時更容易說謊，。他發(fā)現(xiàn)很多謊話實際都是對出其不意的要求所作的不假思索的回答，比如“你喜歡我的衣服嗎？”滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com
Hancock希望他的研究能幫助公司為雇員設計出最理想的交流方式。比如，電話可以作為銷售的最好媒介，因為在打電話時，雇員可以主動善意的夸大事實。但是，在進行誠實性為首要因素的業(yè)績和工作表現(xiàn)評定時，發(fā)送電子郵件或許是最好的方式。滬江四六級 http://cet.hjenglish.com