埃及:國家概況
阿拉伯埃及共和國,簡稱埃及,來源于古希臘對埃及的稱呼Aigyptos,原型是古城孟菲斯的誤稱Hekaptah,意思為普塔神靈之家。阿拉伯語自稱埃及為:????,意為“遼闊的國家”,來源于亞述的楔型文字,塞姆語的米斯里?!吨T蕃志》譯作蜜徐籬,《瀛涯勝覽》譯作米息),是東北非洲人口最多的國家,面積為1,020,000平方公里,人口已超過8000萬。埃及是世界文明古國之一。地理上該國地跨二洲即亞洲和非洲,西奈半島位于西南亞(西亞),而該國大部分國土位于北非地區(qū)。伊斯蘭教為國教,信徒主要為遜尼派,另外還有基督教與其他宗教;官方語言為阿拉伯語,通用英語和法語。
埃及的歷史悠久,是世界四大文明古國之一。前3100年出現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一的奴隸制國家。公元前11世紀至前7世紀,斷斷續(xù)續(xù)被亞述、波斯、馬其頓和羅馬帝國征服。公元4—7世紀并入東羅馬帝國。公元7世紀中期,阿拉伯人入侵,建立阿拉伯帝國。1249年開始由馬木魯克軍團指揮官統(tǒng)治。1517年被土耳其人征服。成為奧斯曼帝國的行省。1798年-1801年一度被拿破侖占領。1882年,被英國軍隊占領。1914年英國成為埃及的保護國。1922年2月28日,英國被逼承認埃及獨立,但仍保留對埃國防、外交、少數(shù)民族等問題的處置權。1952年以納賽爾為首的“自由軍官組織”發(fā)動政變,推翻法魯克王朝,成立“革命指導委員會”,掌握國家政權。1953年6月18日廢除帝制,成立“埃及共和國”。1956年將蘇伊士運河收為國有。1958年2月,埃及與敘利亞合并,成立阿拉伯聯(lián)合共和國。1961年9月,敘利亞脫離阿拉伯聯(lián)合共和國。1971年9月改國名為“阿拉伯埃及共和國”。
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and the Islamic world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its estimated 79 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization, with famous monuments such as the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. Its ancient ruins, such as those of Memphis, Thebes, and Karnak and the Valley of the Kings outside Luxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study. The tourism and the Red Sea Riviera employ about 12% of Egypt's workforce.
The economy of Egypt is one of the most developed and diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and service at almost equal production levels.
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