2023年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)全套模擬試題及答案（3）

距離2023年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試越來越近了，大家準(zhǔn)備的如何？@滬江英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)微信公眾號(hào)提醒大家，在考前一定要多進(jìn)行?？季毩?xí)，熟悉考試流程。今天為大家?guī)淼氖?023年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)全套模擬試題及答案（3），快來練習(xí)吧。

　　Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)

　　Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B) ,C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　Increasingly, over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for health. Consequently,there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.

　　Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter.In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount but not the quality of foods grown in commercial farming areas.

　　Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass productionof poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; but also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.

　　There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a nonessential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and nofiber.

　　It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example ,the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.

　　21.Which statement best expresses the main idea of this article?

　　A) People should eat any food to keep themselves healthy and strong.

　　B) People should eat natural foods to keep themselves healthy and strong.

　　C) People should eat fiber foods to keep themselves healthy and strong.

　　D) People should eat vegetables to keep themselves healthy and strong.

　　22.“Particularly processed foods” means ____.

　　A) foods which are particularly processed by adding chemical additives

　　B) foods which are particularly made by commercial farms

　　C) foods which are specially produced by commercial factories

　　D) foods which are not specially made by adding anything

　　23.Natural foods means ____.

　　A) foods good for health

　　B) foods not good for health

　　C) foods such as vegetables, fruit and grain from rich organic matters soil

　　D) crops from rich organic matters soil and meats of animals from healthy pastures

　　24.There are no vitamins, no minerals and no fibers in ____.

　　A) natural foods C) sugar

　　B) animal meats D) fruit

　　25.“Yet all it does is provide us with energy, in the form of calories.” It means ____.

　　A) processed food provides us with energy

　　B) natural food furnishes us with vitamins and minerals

　　C) sugar gives us enough energy in the form of calories

　　D) fiber helps us to digest food

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

　　With a tremendous roar from its rocket engine, the satellite is sent up into the sky. Minutes later, at an altitude of 300 miles, this tiny electronic moon begins to orbit about the earth. Its radio begins to transmit an astonishing amount of information about the satellite's orbital path, the amount of radiation it detects, and the presence of meteorites. Information of all kinds races back to the earth.No human being could possibly copy down all these facts, much less remember and organize them. But an electronic computer can.

　　The marvel of the machine age, the electronic computer has been in use only since 1946. It can do simple computations—add,subtract, multiply and divide—with lighting speed and perfect accuracy. Some computers can work 500,000 times faster than any person can.

　　Once it is given a “program” — that is, a carefully workedout set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language — a computer cagather a wide range of information for many purposes. For the scientist it can get information from outer space or from the depth of the ocean. In business and industry the computer prepares factory inventories, keeps track of sales trends and production needs, mails dividend checks, and makes out company payrolls. It can keep bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, the computer will find out what to take and what space is available.

　　Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can pour them out whenever they are needed. The computer is really a highpowered“memory” machine that “has all the answers”—or almost all.Besides gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems that once took months for people to do.

　　At times computers seem almost human. They can “read” handprinted letters,play chess, compose music, write plays and even design other computers. Is it any wonder that they are sometimes called “thinking” machines?

　　Even though they are taking over some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains, computers are not replacing us at least not yet. Our brain has more than 10 million cells. A computer has only a few hundred thousand parts.

　　For some time to come, then, we can safely say that our brains are at least 10,000 times more complex than a computer.How we use them is for us, not the computer, to decide.

　　26.In the first paragraph, the author thinks an electronic computer can ____.

　　A) copy down all the facts

　　B) remember all the facts

　　C) organize the facts and everything

　　D) copy down, remember and organize all the facts

　　27.“Program” means ____.

　　A) a plan of what is to be done

　　B) a complete show on a TV station at a fixed time table

　　C) a scheduled performance

　　D) series of coded instructions to control the operations of a computer

　　28.The computer is a high powered “memory” machine, which ____.

　　A) has all the ready answers — or almost all to any questions

　　B) can remember everything

　　C) can store everything and work for you

　　D) has all the answers — or almost to all the information that has been stored

　　29. “Thinking” machines suggest that ____.

　　A) they can “read” hand printed letters etc

　　B) they really can think and do many other jobs

　　C) they even design other computers

　　D) they can't think, but can do something under human control

　　30.Can computers do whatever they want to do?Why?

　　A) Yes, because some computers can work 500,000 times faster than any person can.

　　B) No, because they normally have a few hundred thousand parts.

　　C) No, because human brains are at least 10000 times more complex than any computers.

　　D) No, because how a computer works is decided by human.
　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　No one expressed this attitude more strongly than Noah Webster (17581843).

　　Born near Nartford, Connecticut, he received his education at Yale College and later began to practise law. But business in this profession was slow, and he was forced to turn to teaching. As a teacher, he soon discovered that the English school books then in use were unsatisfactory, and the American Revolution reduced the supply of such books as there were. Webster therefore began to work on three simple books on English, a spelling book, a grammar, and a reader, and these were the first books of their kind to be published in this country. The success of the first

　　part was surprisingly great. It was soon issued again under the title THE AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK, and in this form about 80 million copies were sold during the next hundred years. From a profit of less than one cent a copy, Webster got most of his income for the rest of his life. Not only did the little book have great influence on many generations of school children, but it also had the effect or turning its author's attention to questions of language. In 1806 he produced a small dictionary,and this was followed by his greatest work, AN AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, published in two volumes in1828. In both of these works and in many smaller writings he had one purpose: to show that the Englsih language in his country was a truly American thing, developing in its own special way and deserving to be considered from an independent, American point of view. As he himself wrote,“ It is not only important, but in a degree necessary, that the people of this country should have an AMERICAN DICTIONARY of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England…some differences exist…. No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, assembly, court, and so forth, for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country.” By giving American meanings and American pronunciation, by adopting a number of American spellings, and especially by introducing quotations from American authors beside those from English literature, he was able, to a great extent, to justify the title of his work. If, after a hundred years, some people still doubt the existence of a separate American language, his efforts, nevertheless, have left a lasting mark on the language of his country.

　　31.Webster first tried to earn his living in the field of ____.

　　A) education C) law

　　B) journalism D) medicine

　　32.Webster earned most of his money from the sale of his ____.

　　A) dictionary of 1828 C) grammar

　　B) spelling book D) reader

　　33.Apparently Webster published his first books while he was a

　　____.

　　A) teacher C) lawyer

　　B) student D) doctor

　　34.This article could be entitled ____.

　　A) Noah Webster and American English Spelling

　　B) Noah Webster, the author of An American Dictionary of the English Language

　　C) Noah Webster

　　D) Noah Webster and American English Grammar

　　35.According to the article, Webster ____.

　　A) had created American English and its usages

　　B) had discovered American English and improved it

　　C) had tried his best and left a milestone on the language of his country

　　D) had left a language which was not used in England.

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　Once upon a time, the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around. Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over. Plenty of space for parks and factories. Plenty of forests to cut and grasslands to plow. But that was once upon a time. The days of unused land are over.Now the land has been

　　spoken for, fenced off, carved up into cities and farms and industrial parks, put to use.

　　At the same time, the population keeps growing. People need places to work and places to play. So we need more sites for more industries, more beaches for more sunbathers, and more clean rivers for more fishers. And it isn't just a matter of population growth. Our modern technology has needs that must be met, too. We need more coal for energy, and we need more power plants; cars must have highways and parking lots, and jets must have airports.

　　Each of these land uses swallows up precious space.Highways and expressways alone take some 200,000 acres each year. And urban sprawl — the spreading out of cities — is expected to gobble up vast areas of land by the year 2,000. But there is only so much land to go around. It is always hard to decide. Take, for example, a forest. A forest can be a timber supply. It can provide a home for wildlife.

　　It is scenery and a recreation area for man. It is soil and watershed protection.

　　36.“…the United States seemed to have plenty of land to go around ”

　　means that ____.

　　A) the United States seemed to have vast land for its people to walk around

　　B) the United States seemed to have enough land for sharing with everyone

　　C) the United States could provide whatever its inhabitents' needs

　　D) the United States was not able to allow its people to do what they wanted to

　　37.The sentence of “Plenty of rivers to dam and plenty of rural valleys left over” suggests that ____.

　　A) the United States had a lot of rivers to dam and many rural valleys,too

　　B) the rivers could be damed later

　　C) rural valleys would be considered in the future

　　D) people needn't think of the rivers and valleys

　　38.“Now the land has been spoken for, …” tells us that ____.

　　A) today, land has shown its values

　　B) now, people have said something about land

　　C) nowadays, land has been claimed by human beings

　　D) recently, people spoke for the land

　　39.The phrase of “swallows up” informed us that ____.

　　A) these usages of land have good results

　　B) these lands must be used totally

　　C) the precious space was taken completely

　　D) the precious space were eaten up

　　40.The word “sprawl” indicates that ____.

　　A) cities are developing very fast to meet the people's demands

　　B) urban areas are diminishing smoothly

　　C) urban areas are enlarging steadily in a planned way

　　D) cities are spreading out without any plans

　　Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)

　　Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each

　　sentence there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　41.So frightened ____ in darkness that she did not dare to move an inch.

　　A) was the girl C) such a girl was

　　B) the girl was D) that the girl was

　　42.The students ____ the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.

　　A) doing C) having done

　　B) did D) to do

　　43.They talked about things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.

　　A) who C) that

　　B) which D) what

　　44.Such an obvious error ____ this would be avoided, if you were more careful.

　　A) like C) as

　　B) with D) of

　　45.They remained full of hope and determination ____ their repeated failures.

　　A) instead of C) because of

　　B) in search of D) in spite of

　　46.The car ____ seventy miles per hour until it reaches the riverside at about ten o'clock tonight.

　　A) goes C) went

　　B) will go D) will be going

　　47.He kept rubbing the child until ____ he fell asleep.

　　A) long after C) before long

　　B) soon after D) long before

　　48. ____ his youth and inexperience, he is not suitable for the job.

　　A) Seeing C) Having seen

　　B) Seen D) To see

　　49.When you ____ the test, check your papers before you hand them in.

　　A) will finish C) will have finished

　　B) are finishing D) have finished

　　50.I am interested in ____ you have told me.

　　A) which C) that

　　B) all what D) all that

　　51.No other quality is more important for a scientist to acquire

　　____ to observe carefully.

　　A) as C) and

　　B) than D) but

　　52.They were just about to give up the question, ____ suddenly they found the answer.

　　A) as C) when

　　B) while D) the moment

　　53.It was ____ then that I came to know that knowledge comes from practice.

　　A) until C) till

　　B) not until D) since

　　54.The world's supplies of petroleum ____.

　　A) have been gradually being exhausted

　　B) have gradually exhausted

　　C) are gradually exhausted

　　D) are being gradually exhausted

　　55.Everything depends on ____ we have enough time.

　　A) if C) whether

　　B) when D) that

　　56.I'd just as soon ____ rudely to her.

　　A) you not speak C) you didn't speak

　　B) your not speaking D) you hadn't spoken

　　57.The concert was so interesting that we all felt it ended ____ soon.

　　A) but too C) very

　　B) only too D) too

　　58.The roar of the crowd finally ____ to a murmur.

　　A) reduced C) decreased

　　B) diminished D) cut down

　　59.It's very discourteous to ____ during some one's conversation.

　　A) inspect C) interfere

　　B) interrupt D) instruct

　　60.Sometimes even the smallest thing will upset an ____ person.

　　A) annoyed C) irritable

　　B) irritated D) angry

　　61.The conversation was so interesting that we were ____ of the lateness of the hour.

　　A) negligible C) irrelevant

　　B) inattentive D) oblivious

　　62.The rainbow is one of the most beautiful ____ in nature.

　　A) phenomenon C) appearance

　　B) phenomena D) experience

　　63.It is ____ that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet.

　　A) serious C) significant

　　B) great D) vital

　　64.The performance will begin ____ at eightthirty.

　　A) precisely C) accordingly

　　B) consequently D) exceedingly

　　65.Mr.Smith, a chemistry teacher, never stops ____ new and better ways to improve his teaching.

　　A) discovering C) searching for

　　B) looking for D) finding out

　　66.People greatly differ ____ their views of life.

　　A) from C) at

　　B) to D) in

　　67.The geographical location of Hubei is quite favorable for agricultural production. It's ____ the land of fish and rice.

　　A) famous for C) known as

　　B) known by D) known to

　　68.The officials called for an immediate ____ to determine the cause of the accident.

　　A) investigation C) notification

　　B) preparation D) obligation

　　69.People usually ____ certain foods by keeping them in a refrigerator or freezer.

　　A) store C) keep

　　B) hold D) preserve

　　70.The girl carefully ____ every mispelled word on the page.

　　A) surrounded C) encircled

　　B) draw D) place

　　Part Ⅳ Translation from English into Chinese (15 minutes)

　　Directions: In this part, there are five items which you should translate into Chinese, each item consisting of one or two sentences. These sentences are all taken from the Reading Passages you have just read in the Reading Comprehension of the Test Paper. You can refer back to the passages so as to identify their meanings in the context.

　　71.Increasingly, over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for health.(Passage 1,Paragraph 1)

　　72.It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare.(Passage 1,Paragraph 5)

　　73.Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can pour them out whenever they are needed.(Passage 2, Paragraph 4)

　　74.For some time to come, then we can safely say that our brains are at least 10000 times more complex than a computer.How to use them is forus, not the computer, to decide.(Passage 2,Paragraph 6)

　　75.From a profit of less than one cent a copy, Webster got most of his income for the rest of his life. (passage 3)

　　Part Ⅴ Writing (30 minutes)

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Advertising”. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

　　1. 廣告的目的。

　　2. 為什么要做廣告。

　　3. 廠商做廣告的真實(shí)原因。

　　參考答案：

　　Part Ⅱ

　　1

　　短文大意

　　人們?cè)絹碓蕉嗟匾庾R(shí)到需要改變飲食習(xí)慣，而對(duì)天然的食物表現(xiàn)出更多的興趣，因?yàn)樘烊皇澄锊缓瘜W(xué)添加劑，沒有被化肥污染。天然食物，像蔬菜，水果和谷類生長(zhǎng)在土壤里。富含有機(jī)物，能提供人體所需的維生素和礦物質(zhì)，而化肥的使用沒有顧及到食物的質(zhì)量而是數(shù)量。天然食品還包括那些可以自由活動(dòng)在良好牧場(chǎng)的動(dòng)物，而那種大量生產(chǎn)家禽的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里生產(chǎn)的雞和蛋都缺少重要的維生素，而且不那 么美味。關(guān)于飲食健康，專家們逐漸注意到一些另外的方面，如糖的問題。糖的人均消耗量逐年上升，但糖只以熱量的形式提供能量，并不含維生素，礦物質(zhì)和纖維，如今纖維被認(rèn)為是健康飲食的重要組成部分。

　　21.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 下面哪一項(xiàng)最好地表達(dá)了本文的主要內(nèi)容 ?

　　【試題分析】 此題考查對(duì)全文主旨的理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容 ,健康食品應(yīng)該是一切天然食品,而不僅僅是蔬菜,纖維食品和其它的食品。

　　22.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 “特別是加工食品”，意思是“特別是加了化學(xué)添加劑的食品”。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 加工食品實(shí)際上是加了化學(xué)添加劑的食品 ,它既不是商業(yè)農(nóng)場(chǎng),商業(yè)工廠生產(chǎn)的食品 ,也不是其它未作特殊處理的食品。見文章第一段。

　　23.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 天然食品是指……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查對(duì)文章主題的范圍及定義的理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 天然食品是指從有豐富有機(jī)物的土壤里生長(zhǎng)出的農(nóng)作物和生活在有益于健康的牧場(chǎng)上自由覓食 ,自由奔跑的動(dòng)物的肉類。文章第二段第一句及第三段第一句提供了此

　　答案。

　　24.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 不含維生素、礦物質(zhì)，也不含纖維的是……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查細(xì)節(jié)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 糖既不含維生素 ,礦物質(zhì),也無任何纖維。參見文章第四段最后兩句話。

　　25.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 “然而糖所能做的就是以卡路里 (熱量單位)的形式，給我們提供能量”。

　　【試題分析】 本題為結(jié)合上下文理解細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 由上下文可知，句中的“ it”指代的是“糖”，而非其他。
　　2

　　短文大意

　　火箭將衛(wèi)星發(fā)射到天空，幾分鐘之后，在 300英里的高度上，這一微型電子月球就開始繞地球運(yùn)行，并迅速地向地球回送各種信息。人類本身沒法復(fù)制所有這些信息，更不能記住并整理這些信息，而電子計(jì)算機(jī)卻能，電子計(jì)算機(jī)自 1946年開始運(yùn)用，可以以光的速度進(jìn)行精確的計(jì)算，比人的速度快50萬倍。一旦輸入某種程序，計(jì)算機(jī)可以收集大范圍的信息，科學(xué)家可利用它獲得太空或海洋深處的信息;在商業(yè)，工業(yè)，銀行等部門，計(jì)算機(jī)能提供各種不同的服務(wù)。計(jì)算機(jī)不僅能收集信息，還能盡快地儲(chǔ)存信 息，一旦需要，就能輸出這些信息，還能解決復(fù)雜的問題。有時(shí)計(jì)算機(jī)幾乎跟人一樣，可以辨認(rèn)手寫的字，可以下棋，作曲，寫劇本;甚至設(shè)計(jì)別的計(jì)算機(jī)，有時(shí)被 稱為“有思維的機(jī)器”也不奇怪。盡管如此計(jì)算機(jī)還是代替不了人類，人類大腦比計(jì)算機(jī)至少?gòu)?fù)雜上萬倍，如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)是由我們而不是由計(jì)算機(jī)決定。

　　26.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 第一段中，作者認(rèn)為電子計(jì)算機(jī)能夠……

　　【試題分析】 此題為段落大意理解題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 計(jì)算機(jī)既能復(fù)制 ,又能儲(chǔ)存,還能排序。由文章第一段最后兩句話可以選對(duì)

　　此題答案。

　　27.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 文中“ program”一詞的意思是……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查對(duì)長(zhǎng)句子信息的把握。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 program可作“電視節(jié)目”講,但本文中意為“程序”,即一連串的用來控制計(jì)算機(jī)操作的編碼指令,而不是電視臺(tái)要播出的節(jié)目。參見文章第三段開頭一句不難得出答案D。

　　28.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 計(jì)算機(jī)是一種大功率儲(chǔ)存器，它……

　　【試題分析】 此題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 計(jì)算機(jī)是大功率儲(chǔ)存器 ,它能提供一切有關(guān)它所儲(chǔ)存了的信息的答案。另外，由第四段第二句話可以找出此題的答案。

　　29.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 “善于思考”的機(jī)器，意味著……

　　【試題分析】 本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 “善于思考”的機(jī)器 ,并不能思考,而是能在人們的控制下完成一些指定的任務(wù)。見文章倒數(shù)第二段。

　　30.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 計(jì)算機(jī)想做什么就能做什么嗎 ?為什么?

　　【試題分析】 本題為判斷題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 計(jì)算機(jī)不是為所欲為的 ,因?yàn)槿祟悰Q定它能做什么不能做什么。見文章最后一段話，而且根據(jù)常識(shí)我們也可以判斷。
　　3

　　短文大意

　　本文是一篇人物介紹。 Noah Webster(1758—1843)出生于美國(guó)康涅狄格州，曾就讀于耶魯大學(xué)，后來開始從事律師工作，因這一行業(yè)不景氣，所以改行教書。教書過程中，他發(fā)現(xiàn)所使用的課本不令人滿意，而且由于美國(guó)革命而減少了課本的發(fā)行，所以他開始編寫有關(guān)拼寫，語(yǔ)法和閱讀書籍。這在美國(guó)是最早的也獲得了巨大的成功。《美國(guó)拼寫法》，這本書在十九世紀(jì)售出 8千萬冊(cè)。Webster因此而獲得了一筆收入作為他后半生生活的主要來源。這本書不僅對(duì)一代又一代學(xué)生產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，而且也使Webster自己將其 注意力轉(zhuǎn)向研究語(yǔ)言的問題，后來他編寫了他的巨著《美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞典》共有兩卷，1828年出版。其目的是表明英語(yǔ)在美國(guó)是真正的美國(guó)貨，應(yīng)該以美國(guó)人自己獨(dú) 特的角度來看待。他寫道：“美國(guó)英語(yǔ)不僅重要，而且必要，美國(guó)人應(yīng)該有自己的美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞典。盡管語(yǔ)言形式大體相同，但依然存在區(qū)別…”他采用美式拼法，注 上美式發(fā)音和美國(guó)意思，還特別引用美國(guó)作家們的語(yǔ)言，這在很大程度上使他這部作品名副其實(shí)。如果多年后有人依然懷疑獨(dú)立的美語(yǔ)的存在的話，無論如何他的貢獻(xiàn)在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)發(fā)展史上樹了一個(gè)里程碑。

　　31.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 Webster開始是靠當(dāng)律師維持生計(jì)的。

　　【試題分析】 此題為細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 見文章第二句話，他就讀于耶魯大學(xué)，后來開始從事律師工作，這里 began to practice law是關(guān)鍵。

　　32.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 他大部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入來源于他的拼寫書的銷售。

　　【試題分析】 此題為尋找具體信息題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 見文中“ From a profit of less than one cent a copy, Webster got most of his income for the rest of his life.”這句話，聯(lián)系上下文得知，Webster的生活來源主要是靠出售《美國(guó)拼寫法》一書所得收入，而不是靠出售他編撰的字典，語(yǔ)法和簡(jiǎn)易讀物。

　　33.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 顯然當(dāng) Webster還是教師的時(shí)候就出版了他的第一批著作。

　　【試題分析】 此題為直接推測(cè)題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 此題可用排除法。文中沒有提到 doctor一詞，所以很容易排除。文中也沒提到他在當(dāng)學(xué)生期間的貢獻(xiàn)或成就，他開始是律師，但后來改行當(dāng)了教師，是在執(zhí)教期間寫的書。

　　34.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 本文的標(biāo)題可能是……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查文章內(nèi)容的范圍。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 N.Webster只有這個(gè)題目能包含和反映全文的一切內(nèi)容。

　　35.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 根據(jù)本文所述， Webster付出了最大努力，在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)發(fā)展史上樹立了一個(gè)里程牌。

　　【試題分析】 此題為判斷題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 此題可用排除法。 A不對(duì)，因?yàn)槲闹胁]有提出 Webster創(chuàng)造出美國(guó)英語(yǔ)及其用途，他只是想表明美國(guó)英語(yǔ)與英國(guó)英語(yǔ)存在著區(qū)別。 B也不對(duì)，因?yàn)槲闹袥]提及他改進(jìn)了美國(guó)英語(yǔ)。 D在文中也沒有提到，而且根據(jù)常識(shí)也可判斷D錯(cuò)。

　　4

　　短文大意

　　從前的美國(guó)似乎有足夠的土地讓人們分享利用，但現(xiàn)在一切土地都有其主了;同時(shí)人口不

　　斷增長(zhǎng)，所以需要更多的場(chǎng)所，工作和娛樂。但問題不只包括人口增長(zhǎng)，還包括滿足現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的需要：更多的煤提供能量，更多的電廠，有汽車又須有高 速公路，停車場(chǎng)，有飛機(jī)須有機(jī)場(chǎng)。寶貴的空間完全被占用了。僅公路就每年占用 20萬英畝的土地，城市向郊區(qū)的蔓延侵吞了大面積的土地。盡管如此，但是有那么多土地可供利用，因此很難決定該如何利用。例如森林，可以提供木材，也可以是野生動(dòng)物的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，可以作為人類娛樂場(chǎng)所和風(fēng)景點(diǎn)，還可以有利于保護(hù)水土流失。

　　36.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 美國(guó)過去似乎有足夠的土地讓人們分享意指……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查難句的理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 句中關(guān)鍵詞組“ go around”意為“be enough for everyone”，而不是“walk around”的意思，所以選B。

　　37.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 句子“還有很多河流和峽谷”意指……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查對(duì)上下文的理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 這實(shí)際上是由兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ) plenty of rivers和plenty of rural valleys組成，“ to dam”和“l(fā)eft over”分別是動(dòng)詞不定式和過去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾前面的兩個(gè)詞組，這里所表達(dá)的意思是美國(guó)還有很多河流可以在其上筑壩還剩下有許多峽谷可以利用。

　　38.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 “現(xiàn)在一切土地都有其主了”告訴我們……

　　【試題分析】 此題考查難句的理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 句中詞組“ speak for sth.”常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，意思是“get the right to sth. in advance; reserve”，另外，根據(jù)上下文，運(yùn)用排除法，可以確定選C。

　　39.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 通過詞組“ swallows up(完全占用)”我們知道寶貴的空間完全被占用。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查句意理解。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 詞組“ swallow up”意思是“use up completely; cause to disappear”。

　　40.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 “ sprawl”這個(gè)單詞表明城市的擴(kuò)張沒有任何計(jì)劃。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查單詞在上下文中的含義。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 “ sprawl”意思是“spread out ungracefully over a wide area”。所以這個(gè)詞在此表明城市擴(kuò)張沒有規(guī)劃好。

　　Part Ⅲ

　　41.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 那女孩在黑暗中十分害怕，不敢挪動(dòng)半步。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查倒裝句。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 以副詞 so, often,always,then,now等開頭的句子要用倒裝詞序。

　　42.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 學(xué)生做完練習(xí)，老師接著講解課文。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ) (the teacher)不一致，這種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中通常作狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中表示該動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。故 A，B和D都不對(duì)。

　　43.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 他們談?wù)摿艘恍┧麄兿肫饋淼膶W(xué)校里的人和事。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞 that常用于下列幾種情況：1)先行詞中含有人和物時(shí); 2)先行詞為anything,everything,all等不定代詞;3)先行詞被any,no,every,little,much所修飾;4)先行詞被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí);5)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。

　　44.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 像這樣明顯的錯(cuò)誤，如果你仔細(xì)一點(diǎn)是不會(huì)發(fā)生的。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查固定搭配。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 such as 連用表示，像……樣的,such是形容詞修飾error,as是關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句“as(is)this”，修飾先行詞error。 with表示“和”，“跟”，不能與such連用。error前如沒有such,可選A，of不能同such連用。

　　45.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 盡管多次失敗，但他們?nèi)匀怀錆M希望和決心。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詞義辨析】 instead of表示“代替，充當(dāng)”，后接名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞;in search of尋找，尋求，后接名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞;in spite of表示“盡管，不顧”，引出讓步狀語(yǔ);because of因?yàn)?，由于，后接名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞。

　　46.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 汽車每小時(shí)計(jì)劃行駛 70公里才能在今晚10點(diǎn)左右到達(dá)河邊。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查時(shí)態(tài)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示預(yù)計(jì)即將發(fā)生的或計(jì)劃在未來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，含有已經(jīng)安排好的意思。而一般將來時(shí)則表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　47.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 直到孩子入睡很久了，他還在不斷地輕拍著孩子。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞組辨析題。

　　【詞義辨析】 long after在……后很久，在句中作狀語(yǔ);before long是一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的介詞短語(yǔ)，表示不久的未來;long before表示很久以前，老早。before為介詞，before也可為連詞，接從句，表示早在……之前，在……很久以前;soon after在……后不久其后接時(shí)間名詞或從句。

　　48.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 鑒于太年輕，又沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他不適合做這項(xiàng)工作。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 seeing(that)=since表示“鑒于，看到”，說明一種明顯的理由或原因，其后可接名詞構(gòu)成原因狀語(yǔ)。

　　49.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 試題做完后，上交之前檢查一下你的試卷。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查時(shí)態(tài)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用在表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來某時(shí)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作，而且還表示此動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作之前完成。

　　50.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 我對(duì)你告訴我的一切都感興趣。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 關(guān)系代詞 which, that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其前一定有先行詞，據(jù)此可排除A，C。what引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，其前不能有名詞或代詞，故B不可選。all that中all是先行詞，that是關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾all。因此只能選用D。

　　51.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 仔細(xì)觀察是一個(gè)科學(xué)家要具備的最重要的品格?；颍簩?duì)科學(xué)家而言，沒有什么別的品格比觀察細(xì)致更重要。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查固定搭配。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 more important比較級(jí)后通常接than; as不能與more連用。and和but是連詞;and表示并列，but表示轉(zhuǎn)折。

　　52.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 他們正打算放棄這個(gè)問題，這時(shí)突然找到了答案。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詞義辨析】 when表示“那時(shí)，這時(shí)”其前一般有逗號(hào)，并列前后兩個(gè)句子。as, while,當(dāng)……時(shí)候。the moment (=as soon as)都不符合句意。

　　53.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 直到那時(shí)我才逐漸明白知識(shí)來自于實(shí)踐。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 這是一個(gè) it is…that強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是not until then。如果not until短語(yǔ)放在句首，句子則用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。此句not until未放于句首，故不用倒裝句式。54.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 世界石油儲(chǔ)備正在逐漸枯竭。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示一種現(xiàn)在暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作 (即指現(xiàn)階段的供應(yīng)情況，以后供應(yīng)情況怎樣則不得而知 )。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)則表示過去，現(xiàn)在，將來經(jīng)常性的短缺。另外“exhaust”一詞是及物動(dòng)詞。

　　55.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 一切都在于我們是否有足夠的時(shí)間。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 if和whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，通?？苫Q，但在介詞之后通常用whether。如賓語(yǔ)從句置于主句之前，則也要用 whether。例如Whether he enjoys reading, I wonder。

　　56.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 我倒寧愿你對(duì)她講話不要那么不客氣。

　　【試題分析】 此題為語(yǔ)法題，考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 would just as soon (=would rather, had rather或had just as soon)意為“寧愿”后接從句時(shí)，其從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般過去時(shí)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

　　57.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 這場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)太有趣了，我們都覺得結(jié)束太快了。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞匯題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 only too和very意思大體相同，但only too語(yǔ)氣要比 very的強(qiáng)些，常與glad,pleased表示感情或意愿的形容詞搭配。例如：I'm only too happy to assist you. But too的語(yǔ)氣比only too更強(qiáng)，常常帶有幾分遺憾或可惜的意味。

　　58.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 人群的吵鬧聲最終減弱成一種低嘀聲。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 reduce指在數(shù)量，大小，尺寸，速度等級(jí)上的減少或降低;diminish指逐漸地變少; decrease使某物變得少;cut down砍倒，削減。

　　59.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 打斷人家談話是很不禮貌的行為。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 inspect檢查，審查;interrupt打擾，打斷，指用打斷某事或某人說話的方式來打擾; interfere干擾，妨礙，指阻止妨礙某人或某事;instruct指導(dǎo)，教育。

　　60.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 有時(shí)即使是最小的事情也會(huì)擾亂易怒的人。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 annoyed指被弄得有點(diǎn)發(fā)怒，不耐煩;irritated指因?yàn)槟呈碌臒_而生氣;irritable指非常容易生氣的人;angry指對(duì)某事感到不愉快。

　　61.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 我們談得很投機(jī)以致于忘了時(shí)間 (很晚了)。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詞義辨析】 negligible無關(guān)重要的;inattentive不注意的，忽視的，指不能將注意力集中在某一點(diǎn)上;irrelevant不相干的，無關(guān)的;oblivious忘記的，不注意的，由于深思、沒有注意到而忘記的，忽略了的。

　　62.答案B。

　　【參考譯文】 彩虹是最美的自然現(xiàn)象之一。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 phenomena是phenomenon的復(fù)數(shù)形式;phenomenon現(xiàn)象;appearance外表，出現(xiàn);experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)，閱歷。

　　63.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 重要的是現(xiàn)在纖維被認(rèn)為是健康飲食的重要組成部分。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查詞義辨析。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 serious嚴(yán)重的，嚴(yán)肅的，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作、行為對(duì)某事產(chǎn)生緊急或意想不到的后果;great巨大的，高貴的;significant重大的，強(qiáng)調(diào)重要的，有意義的，完美的;vital至關(guān)重要的，急需的，對(duì)有生命事物的至關(guān)重要性。

　　64.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 演出將在八點(diǎn)半準(zhǔn)時(shí)開始。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查詞義辨析。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 precisely確切地，精確地;consequently因而，所以;accordingly相應(yīng)地;exceedingly極度地，非常地。

　　65.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 史密斯先生是位化學(xué)教師，他從未停止探索新的更好的辦法以改進(jìn)他的教學(xué)。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 discover發(fā)現(xiàn)，探索;look for采集，尋找，指尋找自己想得到的東西或想見的人; search for探求，搜尋，花費(fèi)極大的氣力搜尋某個(gè)特定的目標(biāo)，為找到某人某物而進(jìn)行的搜尋;find out查出來，顯示，表示通過觀察或調(diào)查找出原因或發(fā)現(xiàn)秘密，錯(cuò)誤等。

　　66.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 人們?cè)谏畹挠^點(diǎn)上很不相同。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查句意理解及詞的搭配。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 differ from表示A不同意B或A與B持不同意見，還可以表示一種東西不同于另一種東西;differ in表示在某方面不同或持不同意見。

　　67.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 湖北省的地理位置對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)是十分有利的，它以“魚米之鄉(xiāng)”著稱。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查詞義辨析。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 famous for表示以某事或某物而出名;known by表示根據(jù)(按照)...而得知的意思;known as 表示以什么身份而出名;known to表示為某人所知，聞名于某處，其后一般接“人”或地方。

　　68.答案A。

　　【參考譯文】 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們要求立即展開調(diào)查，查明事故的起因。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 investigation調(diào)查，研究;preparation準(zhǔn)備，預(yù)備;notification通知，通報(bào);obligation義務(wù)，職責(zé)。

　　69.答案D。

　　【參考譯文】 人們通常把某些食物放在冰箱里或是冷凍庫(kù)里儲(chǔ)藏。

　　【試題分析】 此題為詞義辨析題。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 store儲(chǔ)存，指儲(chǔ)存起來以便以后使用;hold保持，指某一物體保持在某一位置或狀態(tài); keep保持，指把某物保持一段時(shí)間;preserve保存，保藏，指安全地保存好某物或保存某物不使其被用完。

　　70.答案C。

　　【參考譯文】 那個(gè)女孩把那一頁(yè)上的每個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)了的詞都劃上圈。

　　【試題分析】 此題考查詞義辨析。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 surround包圍，圍繞，指把某物的四周圍住;draw繪制，畫;encircle環(huán)繞，合圍，指在某物四周圍上一圈;place放置，安插。

　　Part Ⅳ

　　71.【參考譯文】 過去的十年間，人們——特別是青年人——逐漸意識(shí)到需要改變其飲食習(xí)慣，因?yàn)樗麄兂缘脑S多食品尤其是精制食品不利于健康。

　　【翻譯技巧】 此題需用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法，并調(diào)整語(yǔ)序。

　　【翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)】 句中 increasingly意為“逐漸地，越來越多地”，需要放在become和aware之間來翻譯，另外“ the need to change…”如果譯為“改變……的需要”就沒有譯成“需要改變……”來得直接，通暢。

　　72.【參考譯文】 一種有趣的現(xiàn)象表明，只要人們的飲食含有大量的粗面粉和蔬菜，某些疾病在那些國(guó)家就相應(yīng)減少。

　　【翻譯技巧】 此題需注意詞序的調(diào)整，兼有條件狀語(yǔ)從句作用的定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯，及句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。

　　【翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)】 首先搞清楚本句結(jié)構(gòu)很重要， It是形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)to note that…comparatively rare是真正主語(yǔ)。但如果機(jī)械地譯為“注意到在那些……的國(guó)家里，某些疾病相對(duì)少見是很有趣的”，就顯得太頭重腳輕了，所以譯為“一種有趣的現(xiàn)象表 明……”，動(dòng)詞“ note”后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，名詞“countries”后面帶有where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾，但這里“人們的飲食含有大量粗面粉和蔬菜”，和后面的 “某些疾病就相應(yīng)較少見”之間有種必然的條件關(guān)系，所以加上“只要……，就……”使譯文更有邏輯性。

　　73.【參考譯文】 計(jì)算機(jī)不僅能收集信息，還能以收集信息的同樣快的速

　　度把它們儲(chǔ)存起來，一旦需要就可以隨時(shí)將它們輸送出來。

　　【翻譯技巧】 此題需用增 (減)詞法，長(zhǎng)句短譯法。

　　【翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)】 首先注意 not only…but also這個(gè)倒裝句，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)還原，另外還要注意 “ can pour them out whenever they are needed”的翻譯，whenever they are needed譯為“一旦需要”就此譯為“無論什么時(shí)候需要”更簡(jiǎn)潔、流暢。

　　74.【參考譯文】 我們有把握地說在未來的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，我們的大腦至少要比計(jì)算機(jī)復(fù)雜一萬倍。我們?cè)趺词褂盟鼈兪怯晌覀兌皇怯捎?jì)算機(jī)決定的。

　　【翻譯技巧】 此題需注意句子順序的調(diào)整。

　　【翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)】 此題只要弄清“ for some time to come”就不難翻譯這個(gè)詞組意思是“在未來的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)”。

　　75.【參考譯文】 從每一本書不足一美分的利潤(rùn)中，韋布斯特賺取了他后半生的大部分收入。

　　【試題分析】 此題需注意句子順序。

　　【詳細(xì)解答】 句中 for the rest of his life需提到most of his income之前翻譯。

　　Part Ⅴ

　　寫作指導(dǎo)

　　這是一篇關(guān)于廣告的議論文，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目所給出的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行展開，千萬不可因?yàn)槭煜ぁ皬V告”這一題材就浮想聯(lián)翩，下筆千言卻離題萬里。首先弄 清楚每一段的內(nèi)容及各段之間有何聯(lián)系，不要在寫完了第一段之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)要寫的第二段的內(nèi)容已在前一段寫過了，所以寫之前先構(gòu)思，找個(gè)腹稿，或在稿紙上寫上要點(diǎn)。

　　在范文中，第一段指出廣告的目的有的是讓消費(fèi)者知道其產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，但大多數(shù)廣告是為 了說服人們買這而不是買那。第二段指出廣告是推銷產(chǎn)品的手段，做廣告讓消費(fèi)者清楚某種品牌比其他的更有優(yōu)勢(shì)是十分必要的。即做廣告的必要性及原因，最后一段寫廠商做廣告的起初原因是因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)花一筆錢對(duì)其產(chǎn)品做廣告總的來說比降價(jià)出售更有利。

　　Sample Writing

　　Advertising

　　A certain amount of advertising is of an informative kind, the aim simply being to let consumers know what goods and services are available—“consumer education” as it is sometimes called. Most advertising, however, is of a persuasive or competitive kind, the aim of which is to persuade people to buy one thing rather than something else.

　　Advertising is a selling cost particularly associated with imperfect competition. Advertising is a way of marketing goods. In the sale of branded goods, advertising is essential in order to try to impress on consumers that one maker's brand is superior to all others, although in fact the only difference between brands may sometimes be in their trade marks and labels.

　　Any producer with some degree of monopoly, however slight, will generally find it more advantageous to advertise his products widely and at considerable expense rather than cut his prices.

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