英語直接引語變間接引語的變化規(guī)則
英文學習過程中,語法知識是非常重要的。比如直接引語與間接引語大家了解嗎?直接引語變間接引語的時候,需要注意以下五點變化:1.時態(tài)、2.狀語、3.代詞(人稱代詞,指示代詞)、4.動詞、5.句型。而間接引語實際上就是賓語從句。那么它們的具體變化規(guī)則是什么呢? ?
一,時態(tài)的變化
直接引語在改為間接引語時,時態(tài)需要做相應的調整。具體講,就是后退一步,即“現(xiàn)在”變成“過去”。
(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時→ 一般過去時 (2) 現(xiàn)在進行時→ 過去進行時(3) 一般將來時→過去將來時 (4) 現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時 (5) 一般過去時→ 過去完成時 (6) 過去完成時→ 過去完成時
如:She said, “I get up early every day. ” 她說:“我每天都起得很早。”
→She said she got up early every day. 她說她每天起得很早。(一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)榱艘话氵^去時)
注意:如果直接引語表示的是客觀事實或客觀真理,在變?yōu)殚g接引語時,時態(tài)不要變化。比如:
My mother said yesterday, “The Earth goes around the Sun.” 我媽媽昨天說:“地球繞著太陽轉?!?/p>
My mother said yesterday the Earth goes around the Sun. 我媽媽昨天說地球繞著太陽轉。(這里面的時態(tài)就沒有發(fā)生變化)
二,代詞的變化
1.人稱代詞變化的口訣:一隨主,二隨賓,第三人稱不更新。
“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時,如果直接引語中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語從句時,從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如:
She said, “My brother wants to go shopping with me. ” 她說:“我哥哥想和我一起去購物。”
→She said her brother wanted to go shopping with her. 她說她哥哥想和她一起去購物。
“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時,若直接引語中的主語及賓語是第二人稱或被第二人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語從句時,從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語,也可以用第一人稱,如:
He said to Kate, “You did your homework very well” 他對凱特說:“你的作業(yè)做得很好?!?/p>
→He said to Kate she had done her homework very well. 他對凱特說她的作業(yè)做得很好。
“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時,如果直接引語中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾,變?yōu)橘e語從句時,從句中的人稱一般不需要變化。如:
Mr Smith said, “My mother gave her students a very good speech yesterday. ” 史密斯先生說:“我媽媽昨天給她的學生做了一個很好的演講?!?/p>
→ Mr. Smith said his mother had given her students a very good speech the day before. 史密斯先生說他的母親前一天給她的學生做了一次很好的演講。
2.指示代詞的變化:this – that , these—those。例如:
Mr Li said, “This is the book that I bought yesterday.” 李先生說:“這就是我昨天買的那本書。”
Mr Li said that was the book that he had bought the day before. 李先生說那就是他昨天買的那本書。
三,狀語的變化
1. 時間狀語:now -- then today--that day this week-- that week yesterday --the day before last month--the month before ago--before next week -- the next week tomorrow -- the following(next)day
2. 地點狀語:here -- there
四、動詞的變化
在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,直接引語句中的某些動詞也應做相應的變化。
come– go arrive—leave bring- take
如:“He will come today.” she said. →She said he would go that day. 她說他那天會去。(動詞come變?yōu)榱薵o,時間狀語today變?yōu)榱藅hat day )
My mother said, “We will arrive here tomorrow.”
→My mother said they would leave there the next day. 我母親說他們第二天將離開那里。(地點狀語here變?yōu)閠here,動詞arrive變?yōu)閘eave)
五,句型的變化
1. 直接引語如果是陳述句,間接引語應改為由that引導的賓語從句, that 可以省去。如:
She said, “ The performance will begin in five minutes.” 她說:“再過五分鐘演出就要開始了?!?/p>
→She said (that) the performance would begin in five minutes. (這里的that可以省去)
如果間接引語是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列從句,第一個連詞可以省略,以后的連詞一般不省略,以免混亂。如:
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.” 醫(yī)生說:“你的病不重,你很快就會好的?!?/p>
→The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 醫(yī)生說我病得不重,很快就會好的。
2. 直接引語為一般疑問句,間接引語用連詞whether或if引導,原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等),語序是陳述句的語序,這一點非常重要。如:
He said, “You are interested in English, aren’t you?” →He asked whether I was interested in English.
3. 直接引語為選擇疑問句,間接引語用whether…or…表達,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…. 如:
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
4. 直接引語為特殊疑問句,改成間接引語時,原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞,主句的謂語動詞用ask(sb.)來表達,語序改為陳述句語序。如:
He asked,“What’s your name?” → He asked(me)what my name was.
5.直接引語為祈使句時,改為間接引語,用帶to的不定式表達,謂語動詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do,(由肯定祈使句變成)ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句轉變),并且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態(tài)都作相應的變化。如:
He said,“Be seated, please.”→ He asked us to be seated.
6.有些含有“建議”→、“勸告”→的祈使句,可用suggest, insist, offer等動詞轉述,如:
He said, “Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested our having a rest.
7.當直接引語形式上是疑問句,有表示請求,建議意義時,可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉述。如:
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. →He asked me to open the door.
8.直接引語是感嘆句時,變間接引語可用what或how引導,也可用that引導,如:
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”→ She said what a lovely day it was.
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