在復合句中，充當賓語的成分是一個句子，這個句子代替了原來用一個詞表示的賓語，稱之為賓語從句。置于動詞、介詞等詞性后面，在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。在英文學習的時候，這部分語法內(nèi)容要好好來學習。

具體結(jié)構(gòu)為：主句+引導詞+賓語從句(賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序)

比如：

簡單句：We(主語) knew(謂語) that(賓語).

復合句(賓語從句)：We knew that we should go home.

賓語從句分為三類：動詞的賓語從句，介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。

謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語從句，有些形容詞(afraid，sure，glad等)之后也可以帶賓語從句。

賓語從句過"三關(guān)"：語序，引導詞，時態(tài)。

動詞、介詞、形容詞后的賓語從句

1)動詞+賓語從句

We knew that we should go home.

這類動詞一般是及物動詞(vt.)，即后面能直接加賓語的動詞，比如：give, tell 等。

但像"arrive"就不能直接加賓語，如果要加賓語，后面需要加介詞。

2)介詞+賓語從句

They are talking about whether it will rain tomorrow.

常見介詞：in, at, on 等等。

3)形容詞+賓語從句

I am sure that he can come on time.

后面可以直接加賓語從句的形容詞有：

pleased, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, certain, sorry等。

語序

無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句，賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序，即“主句+連接詞(引導詞)+賓語從句(主語+謂語+……)”句式。

根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔任的不同成分，可分為以下四種：

1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有: who, what, which等。

Could you tell me who knows the answer，please?

你能告訴我誰知道答案嗎?

The small children don't know what is in their stockings.

這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西。

2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見的連接詞有: whose, what, which, how many, how much等。

He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.

他問我們班上誰的書法最好。

The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.

老師問我們房間里有多少人。

3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有: who(m), what, which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if/whether(在句中不充當任何成分)等。

He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.

他還沒決定是否去無錫旅行。

Could you tell me what I should do with the money?

你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢嗎?

4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有: what, which, how many, how much, how等。

Do you know which class he is in?

你知道他在哪個班嗎?

She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.

她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。

引導詞

1)that

當由陳述句充當賓語從句時，用that引導，that無詞義，不充當句子成分，在口語或非正式文體中常省略。

I expect (that) the plane would be diverted.

2)if/whether

當由一般疑問句充當賓語從句時，用if或whether引導，意為“是否”，不充當句子成分，但不能省略。

I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.

3)特殊疑問詞

如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句，只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導

疑問代詞：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever...

有詞義，充當句子成分(主語、賓語、表語和定語;一般充當主語或賓語，whose 充當定語)

We'll do whatever we can to save him.

疑問副詞：where(地點), when(時間), how(方式), why(原因)...

有詞義，充當句子成分(狀語)

He knows where they live.

Tell us how you are getting on now.

以上三類總結(jié)起來就是：

that: 不充當成分，無意義，可以省略;

If/whether: 不充當成分，有意義，不可省略;

疑問代詞/副詞: 充當成分，有意義，不可省略。

記憶口訣：

陳述句用that，

一般疑問句if或whether，

特殊問句用疑問詞。

九種賓語從句不省略that

1)放句首表強調(diào)

That he is a good person, we all know.

2)主句的謂語動詞與賓語從句之間有插入語

Just then I noticed, for the first time, that he prepared to talk to us.

3)有間接賓語時

Lucy told me that she would not come to school tomorrow.

4)當 it 作形式賓語時

We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.

5)介詞besides、beyond、but、except、in、save 后的賓語從句

The man stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.

6)主句中的動詞后有 2 個或以上的賓語從句，第二個及以后的 that 不可省

I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that(不可省略) they will come to the party.

7)賓語從句本身是一個復合句

He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting.

8)當 that 從句單獨用來回答問題時

-What did he say at the meeting?

-That the situation was serious.

9)在較為正式或不常用的動詞后，如reply, object

He replied that he badly mastered the language.

☆注：以上9種情況考察頻率依次遞減

if和whether的區(qū)別

if和whether都可譯為"是否"，在從句中不作句子成分，二者引導賓語從句時通常可以互相替換，口語中多用if代替whether。

1)只能用whether，不能用if 引導的賓語從句

①當賓語從句中，緊接or not 時，只用whether ,否則都可。

Let me know whether/if you can come or not.

②當賓語從句提到句首時，只能用whether ,不能用if。

Whether it is true, I can't tell.

③whether 可以引導帶to 的不定式，而if不行。

I don't know whether to accept.

④whether 可以放在介詞后，做介詞的賓語，而if不可以。

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

⑤若if有歧義，只能用whether。

Please let me know whether you want to go.

( 如果換成 if ，則可能被誤解為“如果想來，請告訴我“)

⑥動詞discuss, decide, consider, sure等后習慣上也常用Whether引導從句，不用if。

Time for her to decide whether she wants to continue the journey.

⑦引導主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether。

Whether she will come or not is still a question.

她是否能來還是個問題。

The question is whether we can catch the bus.

問題是我們能否趕上公共汽車。

2)只能用if，不能用whether 引導的賓語從句

①if引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”

The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.

②if引導否定概念的賓語從句時

He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday.

③引導狀語從句even if(即使)和as if(好像)時

He talks as if he has known all about it.

總結(jié)：

只能用whether，不能用if

①當賓語從句中，強調(diào)任意選擇出現(xiàn)or或緊接or not 時，只用whether，不用if;

②當賓語從句提到句首時，只能用whether，不能用if;

③whether 可以引導帶to 的不定式，而if不行;

④whether 可以放在介詞后，做介詞的賓語，而if不可以;

⑤若if有歧義，只能用whether。

⑥動詞discuss, decide, consider, sure等后習慣上也常用Whether引導從句，不用if。

⑦引導主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether。

只能用if，不能用whether

①if引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”;

②if引導否定概念的賓語從句時;

③引導狀語從句even if(即使)和as if(好像)時。

時態(tài)

1)主現(xiàn)從不限。(主句是某種現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，從句沒有限制)

賓語從句中，如果主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時)，從句的時態(tài)根據(jù)實際情況來定，不受主句限制。

I know she lives here.

I know she lived here ten years ago.

2)主過從必過。(客觀真理除外)

賓語從句中，如果主句是過去時態(tài)(包括一般過去時，過去進行時等)，那么從句的時態(tài)一定也是用過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時、過去進行時等)。

She told me that she was 15 last year.

3)客觀真理永一現(xiàn)。

如果賓語從句講述的是某種客觀真理，這個時候，需要用一般現(xiàn)在時。

She told her daughter that the earth is round.

否定轉(zhuǎn)移

1)什么叫賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移?

就是賓語從句表示否定時，將否定詞 not 轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中

舉例：“我認為他不會來” 該怎么說呢?

你可能會說：- I think he will not come.

但更地道的表述是：- I don't think he will come.

就是那種我不否定你，我只否定我自己的感覺。

2)什么時候進行否定轉(zhuǎn)移呢?

進行否定轉(zhuǎn)移通常要滿足三個條件：

①主句的主語是第一人稱 I 和 we

②主句的謂語動詞是表示“認為”、“相信”、“期望” 等主觀想法的詞

常見：think、believe、suppose、expect、imagine、feel

③主句時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時

I don't believe that they can accomplish the task in such a short time.

We don't imagine that they will join the competition.

賓語從句后置

1)什么是賓語從句后置?

就是用一個“it”來代替整個賓語，然后將賓語從句的位置移到句末。

2)什么情況下會出現(xiàn)賓語從句后置?

①“喜、怒、哀、樂”

appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer...

We would appreciate it if you could set up our payment arrangement.

如果你能安排付款，我們會非常感激。

②“認為、發(fā)現(xiàn)”

think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose...

He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.

他還沒宣布他何時結(jié)婚。

I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.

我認為考試作弊是錯誤的。

③介詞后

answer for, depend on, rely on, insist on, look to, see to, stick to...

You can depend on it that he will finish the job on time.

你可以相信他會按時完成這項工作。

簡化賓語從句常用六法

常會遇到把含有賓語從句的復合句轉(zhuǎn)化為簡單句，使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。下面就介紹幾種常用的簡化賓語從句的方法：

1)當主句謂語動詞是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。

Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.

2)當主句謂語動詞是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等動詞，且主句主語與從句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

注：當主句謂語動詞是tell, ask, show, teach等動詞，且后帶雙賓語，從句主語和間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→Could you tell me how to get to the station?

3)當主句的謂語動詞是order(命令)，require(需要)等時，如果主句和從句的主語不一致，賓語從句可簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

4)某些動詞后的賓語從句，可以用介詞加動名詞(短語)等其他形式簡化。

He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.

The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

5)某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

6)動詞seem后的賓語從句，也可以用不定式(短語)來簡化，但句型需要進行適當?shù)淖兓?/p>

It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

除上述方法外，還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。

I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy.

賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)分

eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.

2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.

句1中if引導的是狀語從句。這個從句表示“條件”，修飾主句。整個句子的意思是：如果明天天氣好，我就出去。句2中if引導的是賓語從句，充當謂語動詞don't know的賓語。整個句子的意思是：我不知道火車是否到達。

判斷方法：

1)可以從整個句式看。狀語從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(個別除外)，賓語從句只能放在主句謂語動詞之后。

2)從引導詞看。if充當賓語從句的連接詞時，相當于whether， 詞義為“是否”，充當狀語從句的連接詞時，詞義為“如果”。when充當賓語從句的連接詞時，意為“什么時候”，充當狀語從句的連接詞時，意為“當……的時候”。

2)從時態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時，引導賓語從句要注意：從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)應根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)作相應的變化。if和when充當從屬連詞時，引導條件和時間狀語從句，若主句的謂語動詞用一般將來時，則從句的時態(tài)應用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時候回來嗎?

—Sorry, I don't know.When he comes back，I'll tell you.對不起，不知道。當他回來了，我將告訴你。

—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會來。

—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨，他會來的。

其他需要說明的問題

1)標點由主句決定，如主句是陳述句、祈使句，則用句號;是疑問句則用問號。

I heard she had been to the Great Wall.

Can you tell me which bus I should take?

2)要注意個別句子中主從句人稱的一致。

3)賓語從句的附加疑問句。

賓語從句的復合句在變成反意疑問句時，如果主句的謂語動詞為 think, guess, believe, suppose 等且主語為第一人稱時，附加部分要由從句決定;如果主句不是 think 等上述動詞或謂語動詞是這些詞且主語不是第一人稱時，附加部分由主句決定。

I think that he is right, isn't he?

I don't believe he is a student, is he?

He supposes that she will come tonight, doesn't he?

He never said he was a good student, did he?

這部分賓語從句的內(nèi)容大家都了解清楚了嗎?如果覺得自己在英文學習方面還有哪些欠缺的話，可以來網(wǎng)校一起學習。如果您對英語學習感興趣，想要深入學習，可以了解滬江網(wǎng)校精品課程，量身定制高效實用的個性化學習方案，專屬督導全程伴學，掃一掃領(lǐng)200暢學卡。