Do music lessons really make children smarter ?

　　36.[A] A recent analysis found that most research mischar-acterizes the relationship between music and skills enhance -ment....

　　37.[N] Did he have a hidden talent that others didn't have?Or more endurance than his peers ?Music researchers tend，like Schellenberg ，to be musicians themselves ，and ashe noted in his recent paper，…

　　38.[c] Schellenberg had long been skeptical of the science supporting claims that music education enhances children's abstract reasoning, math, or language skills.……

　　39.[G] After computing their assessments, Schellenberg concluded that the majority of the articles erroneously claimed that music training had a causal effect.……

　　40.[O] But those convictions should be checked at the en-trance to the lab,he added.Otherwise,the work becomes re-ligion or faith."You have to let go of your faith if you want to be a scientist."

　　41.[H] To argue for a cause-and-effect relationship, scien-tists must attempt to explain why and in how a connection could occur. When it comes to transfer effects of music……

　　42.[D] The 2004 paper was specifically designed to address those concerns. And as a passionate musician, Schellenberg was delighted when he tuned up credible evidence that music has transfer effects on general intelligence……..

　　43.[J]Neuropsychologist Lutz Jancke agrees."Most of these studies don't allow for causal inferences, "he said.For over two decades, Jancke has researched the effects of music lessons,..

　　44.[F]For his recent study, Schellenberg asked two research assistants to look for correlational studies on the effects of music education.They found a total of 11 4 papers pub-lished since 2000.

　　45.[I] But Schellenberg remains highly oritical of how the concept of plasticity has been applied in his field,"Plasticity has become an industry of its own "he-wrote in his May paper......