來啦！2021年12月英語四級真題及答案（完整版）


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翻譯


都江堰

都江堰（Dujiangyan）坐落在成都平原西部的岷江上，距成都市約50公里，始建于與公元前三世紀。它的獨特之處在于無需用堤壩調(diào)控水流。2000多年來，都江堰一直有效地發(fā)揮著防洪與灌溉作用，使成都平原成為旱澇保收的沃土和中國最重要的糧食產(chǎn)地之一，都江堰工程體現(xiàn)了我國人民與自然和諧共存的智慧，是全世界年代最久、仍在使用、無壩控水的水利工程。
Dujiangyan, located on the Minjiang River in the west of Chengdu Plain, about 50km away from Chengdu City, was built in the third century BC. Its uniqueness is that it does not need dikes to regulate water flow. For more than 2000 years, it has been playing an effective role in flood control and irrigation, making Chengdu Plain a fertile land free from drought and flood and one of the most important grain producing areas in China. As the oldest water conservancy project in the world which is still in use and has no dike to control water, the Dujiangyan engineering reflects the wisdom of harmonious coexistence between Chinese people and nature.


大運河

2021年12月英語四級考試已經(jīng)結(jié)束，滬江第一時間為大家準備了四級翻譯真題答案，快來對答案吧！
大運河( Grand Canal) 是世界上最長的人工河,北起北京,南至杭州。它是中國歷史上最宏偉的工程之一。大運河始建于公元前4世紀,公元13世紀末建成。修建之初是為了運輸糧食,后來也用于運輸其他商品。大運河沿線區(qū)域逐漸發(fā)展成為中國的工商業(yè)中心。長久以來,大運河對中國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用,有力地促進了南北地區(qū)之間的人員往來和文化交流。
The Grand Canal, extending from Beijing in the North to Hangzhou in the South, is the longest man-made river. Its construction was one of the most magnificent projects throughout the Chinese history. The construction of the canal started in the 4th century BC and was completed in the 13th century, with an original aim of facilitating grain transportation. Later, it was also for transporting other commodities. Over time, the areas along the course of the canal have developed into the industrial and commercial centres of China. For a long time, the canal has served a pivotal role in the booming of Chinese economy, enhancing the personnel exchange and cultural communication between northern and southern parts of the country.


坎兒井

坎兒井( Karez)是新疆干旱地區(qū)的一種水利系統(tǒng),由地下渠道將水井連接而成。該系統(tǒng)將春夏季節(jié)滲入( seep into)地下的大量雨水及積雪融水收集起來,通過山體的自然坡度引到地面,用于灌溉農(nóng)田和滿足人們的日常用水需求?？矁壕疁p少了水在地面的蒸發(fā)( evaporation),對地表破壞很小,因而有效地保護了自然資源與生態(tài)環(huán)境?？矁壕w現(xiàn)了我國人民與自然和諧共存的智慧,是對人類文明的一大貢獻。
Karez is a water conservancy system in the arid area of Xinjiang. It is formed by underground channels connecting wells. The system collects a large amount of rainwater and snow melt water that seep into the ground in spring and summer, and draws it to the ground through the natural slope of the mountain to irrigate farmland and meet people's daily water needs. Karez reduces the evaporation of water on the ground and does little damage to the surface, thus effectively protecting the natural resources and the ecological environment. Kanerjing embodies the wisdom of the harmonious coexistence of our people and nature, and is a great contribution to human civilization.

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作文


演講比賽的建議

Directions：Suppose your university student ?union is ?planning to hola a speech contest.You are now to write a proposal for organizing the contest. The proposal may include the topic，aim，procedure and selection of contestants.Youwill have 30 minutes to write the proposal. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

參考范文：

Dear Sir or Madam:
I'm 名字, a second-year student from Business Department. I'm writing to make a proposal about holding a college-wide English public speaking contest with the topic of "University as I see it".
The aims of the contest are twofold. First, students all over the University are offered an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in English. Second, the contest could serve as a forum for students from different background to share their insights and experiences. It is important to note that only a current undergraduate student is eligible for the contest. Each of the contestants would be asked to deliver a prepared speech of 5 minutes and an impromptu speech based on the topic assigned after the prepared speech. The contest would be an off-line event at the International Conference Hall on 日期. A panel from the ESL faculty shall select five finalists from all participants. The finalists would present their speeches after which three winners (and two honorable mentions) would be chosen.?
I'm looking forward to your reply. Thank you very much for everything you've done. Wish you all the best.

Yours sincerely,?
名字


新生訓練的建議

Directions ：Suppose your school is organizing an orientationprogram to help the freshmen adapt to the new environment and academic studies . You are now to write a proposal ， which may include Itsaim，duration， participants and activities . You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal. You should write atleast 120 words but no more than 180 words.

參考范文：

To whom it may concern ，
I’m a junior from Law School . The new semester will begin anda group of newbies are about to arrive .In order to help them adapt to the new environment and academic studies ，I propose that an orientation program should be held during the first week of this September .
The program is to help freshmen learn what they will confront in the coming college life by passing out necessary materials and explaining their questions about campus activities .So volunteers needed in this program should be those who are sophomores or juniors and are ready to help others . The program will start on1st of next month and all participants should gather at 7 in the morning at the northeast corner of the Main Square to prepare for the leaflets and handbooks which will be distributed to freshmen .As new students are stepping onto the campus ， volunteers should help them to carry their luggage ，pass out manuals ， answer their possible questions and take them to their own dormitories .
I believe this program will be successfully held and it will greatly help freshmen to feel welcomed and warm in a strange but friendly environment.

Best wishes
bill

校園舊書收集的報道

Directions: Suppose you have just participated in a school project of collecting used books on campus. You are now to write a report about the project, which may include its aim,organiz-ers,participants and activities.You will have 30 minutes to write the report.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

參考范文∶

A school project of collecting used books was held on campus last Friday. More than 300 students were involved in this activ-ity and almost all of them took it a fairly meaningful way to impart knowledge,according to a survey conducted yesterday.
The project was organized by the Student Union of our School of Business Administration.Its main aim was to teach students to treasure knowledge and realize the importance of recycling. It also focused on cultivating students'notion of sustainable development. The activity was first launched last Monday to make sure that students that were willing to give away their books had enough time to prepare for the project.Last Friday, students who applied for the project brought their books to Professor Liu's office and signed their names on the activity list, after which a certificate would be awarded.
All of the books collected have been displayed in the Recycling Reading Area in the library. Welcome all students to the library to enjoy the specially offered intellectual feast. See you there!

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聽力

短篇新聞

News report 1

United Airlines has apologized for mistakenly shipping an American family’s pet dog in the wrong direction to Japan. The dog owner’s beloved 10-year-old dog named Buddy, took an unexpected 16-hour flight to Tokyo following a mix-up by the airline. The dog owner’s family are currently in the process of moving. They were meant to be reunited with the pet in their new home city in Texas. But, when they arrived at the United Airlines cargo facility in the southern US state, they found a stranger’s dog waiting in Buddy’s place. Both of the dogs had been sent to the wrong destinations on connecting flights from Denver, with Buddy mistakenly being sent to Japan instead. Buddy was given a physical check-up when he arrived at Tokyo’s International Airport. The dog was then sent back to the US on a private chartered jet. “I'm so glad he's alive and coming home soon,” said the relieved dog owner. “An error occurred during the connections in Denver. We have notified our customers that their pets arrived safely. We will arrange to return the pens to them as soon as possible,” ?a spokesperson of United Airlines said.

Q1 What does the news before say about United Airlines?
C) It sent two dogs to the wrong destinations.

Q2 what did the spokesperson for United Airlines say they would do after the incident?

A) Correct their mistake as soon as possible.

News Report 2

Officials at Reid Park Zoo in Tucson, Arizona, are celebrating the birth of a baby elephant. Zoo officials say the baby was born on Monday. It is a female, and she weighs nearly 130 kilograms. Q3: Samba, her mother is a 30-year-old African elephant. The pregnancy lasted 22 months. Officials describe the baby elephant as healthy, standing and nursing. The baby hasn't been given a name yet. Samba has given birth before. Zoo officials said during this pregnancy, she was closely monitored through physical exams and blood tests. Doctor Sue Tagalsky is the zoo’s director of the zoological operations. Q4: She said the elephant's birth went smoothly and, that there were no complications. The new baby expands the zoo's elephant herd to six. That includes the baby's parents, a sister, a brother, and an adult female.
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Question 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
?
Question 3: What do we learn about the mother elephant Samba?
B) She has had babies before.

Question 4: What does the report say about the birth of the new baby elephant?
C) It was smooth.


News report 3

Three years ago, a couple was enjoying a meal at a beach restaurant. The restaurant was built on a wooden structure above the sea water. During the meal, the man's wedding ring slipped off his finger. It fell through the wooden floorboards apparently lost forever.?
Recently, the restaurant manager Ron Krivoy decided to replace the wooden deck, and he found an old gold coin, some $100 bills and a silver wedding ring while replacing the deck. The restaurant's waitress, Sasha F Mecca posted a picture of the ring on Facebook. The post was shared about 5,000 times. 3 days later, the happy wife called to claim the ring. She even tested pictures of her and her husband eating there in 2017 as proof. The restaurant mailed the ring back to the happy couple. Meanwhile, Krivoy discovered that the gold coin was very rare. It was from 1855 and worth as much as $2,000.?

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report, you have just heard.

Question 5: What do we learn about the restaurant??
D) It was built above the sea-water.

Question 6: What did the restaurant manager decide to do recently??
B) Replace the restaurant5 s wooden deck.

Question 7: What did the waitress do about the recovered ring?
C) She posted its picture on Facebooks.


長對話

Conversation one.

W: I can't believe that duck hunting is still legal in so many parts of the world [8]. The scientific evidence from countries like Australia, Canada, and the USA clearly indicates a decline in the birds' numbers.
M: But can anyone be sure if the decline is really caused by the hunting or by climate change [9]?
W: It's caused by both in fact [9]. We see more droughts in countries like Australia. Ducks are birds that feed and breed in areas where there is a lot of water, but their habitats have been shrinking in recent decades because of the droughts.

M: And I guess with fewer places to inhabit, they concentrate in greater numbers in few areas, which surely makes them easier targets for the hunters.
?
W: It does. My grandfather was a duck hunter. He told me hunting ducks and geese began in the 19th century. They were easily found and plentifully available food source in farming areas, especially for poor immigrants.

M: What do they use for hunting during that period?
W: They use new types of guns, and birds could easily be shot down in flight, and in such great numbers that commercial hunting of ducks and geese became an industry. Yet, there's no commercial farming of these birds nowadays. Their meat is hardly eaten in western countries [10].
M: No, duck hunting seemingly exists as the continuation of a tradition.
W: Well, ducks have never been popular with farmers like my grandfather anyway because they sometimes destroy crops. In fact, farmers used to poison them in large numbers [11].
M: That somehow doesn't surprise me. Nobody places much value on the lives of these poor birds or on their meat.

8.What does the woman find unbelievable?
D) Duck hunting remains legal in many parts of the world.

9. What does the woman say has caused the shrinking of ducks' habitats in Australia?
A) Droughts.

10. Why is there no commercial farming of ducks and geese in western countries?
B) Their neat is not that popular.

11. What does the woman say about farmers in her grandfather's time?
D) They poisoned wild ducks in large numbers.


Conversation two

M: Okay, Miss Bright. I finished calculating. I estimate you have between 210 and 240 square meters of walls and ceiling.
W: So how much would the pain job cost?
M: That would depend on the quality of paint you choose. We carry two brands -one cost 60 cents every square meter, and the other 90 cents. The second is guaranteed to look great for about 10 years, whereas the cheaper one will start to dull after around 6 or 7 years.
W: In that case, we would prefer the more expensive option.
M: All right, then. So including labor costs, taxes, and everything, this job would come to $3,000.
W: Emm, to be perfectly honest, that's more than I expected.
M: Please bear in mind that the price includes moving all the furniture, and the whole task would take 2 days.
W: Really? Why?
M: Well, we can't paint the walls without clearing all the furniture first. So every time we paint a room, we first have to move the furniture to another room. So that takes more time. Plus, it requires two people, which works out more expensive.
W: I see. But does that mean I could not live here in my own house during those 2 days [13]?
M: That is correct.
W: Oh well, that changes everything I'm afraid. I would have to stay with a friend or check into a hotel [14]. I hadn't considered any of that. I'm starting to realize that painting my house [12] is far more troublesome than I had anticipated [15].
M: This is usually the case. Most of our clients go through the same realization.
W: I see.
M: You have my number. Please feel free to call me for any further questions.
W: Thank you.
?
12. What is the woman planning to do?
A) Have her house repainted.

13. What is the woman's chief concern?
B) How much the work will cost.

14. What does the woman have to do while the paint job is being done?
C) Stay somewhere else.

15, What has the woman come to realize at the end of the conversation?
B ) Painting a house involves more trouble than she thought.


聽力篇章

Passage 1

Homework is an important part of schooling, but the purposes of giving children homework will change as they grow older. Q16: At the primary level, the main aim is to cultivate good habits, like learning to plan and exercising self discipline. During the secondary school years, extending what is learned at school is positively related to academic achievement. So the content of homework becomes more important. So how can you help your child do their best? Q17: Creating an ideal working environment will make it easier for them to get down to their assignments quickly. Make sure it's free of distractions. And for primary school children at least somewhere near you. So you can answer questions and offer encouragement. You probably have to help younger children plan their session. But it's important that by the end of primary school, it's second nature get them to tell you everything they have to do, then encourage them to establish an order in which they do work. Q18: When there are several different assignments, make sure they begin with one they enjoy. So it seems easy to get started. It's best to take on the most difficult task second. Once they're settled, but before they get tired, if older children have more than an hour of homework, encourage them to schedule a short break to stretch. If you encourage them to tell you what they've learned, they'll absorb the information more deeply and remember it more readily.?

Question 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.?

Question 16. What is the main aim of homework for primary school kids??
A) To cultivate good habits.

Question 17. What does the passage suggest parents do to help their children??
B) Create an ideal study environment for them.

Question 18. What should children do to deal with multiple assignments?
C) Start with something they enjoy.

Passage 2

Workers at Mexican Oil Company will receive a health incentive of almost $300 a year if they meet certain body weight standards. To qualify for the bonus, Q19: they must maintain a healthy weight. For those who are overweight or obese, they can receive the bonus if they reduce their weight by 10 % during the year. Some applaud the policy as fair, because it rewards both individuals who maintain a healthy weight and those who are working towards achieving it.?
Q20: But critics say the policy contradicts recommendations by many health experts who warned that a person's weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. That means weight can be hard for individuals to control, which makes the bonus unfair. Some experts say the policy is inconsistent with the science of what we know about body weight regulation. These experts argue that focusing on wage is the wrong approach. Q21: A more productive method of encouraging health among employees is to promote healthy behaviors. For example, companies can give workers gym memberships, or encourage participation in lectures on healthy eating and living. They can also reduce sweets and provide healthier snacks in the office and healthier meals at the company canteen. Or they can give employees more time during their lunch break to exercise. These are much better and much more productive ways for companies to move forward on their employees’ well being.?

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.?

Question 19. Who will qualify for the bonus in Mexican Oil Company??
A) Workers who meet its body weight standards.

Question 20. What do critics think of Mexican Oil Company's bonus policy??
D) Unfair.

Question 21. What do experts propose companies do about workers’ well being??
C) Encourage healthy behaviors.

Passage 3?

Campaigners have warned that the Q22: British government is not doing enough to prevent left-handed pupils from falling behind their peers. They claim that thousands of children are still being penalized for being left-handed. This is due to a lack of action from ministers who failed to take any meaningful action for years. It is feared that a failure to address early year challenges such as poor handwriting is too much more serious problems down the line with these pupils facing reduced career prospects. Q23: Studies in recent years show that left-handed children are more likely to suffer with learning difficulties, and their scores are lower on IQ tests. Campaigners feel it's strange that children and British schools are penalized because they happen to be left-handed. They don't understand why successive governments have failed to act on this. Q24: They want the Department of Education to record which children are left-handed and what their educational attainments are since they make up some 10 % of the population. In early year education, left-handed children are struggling and making a mess of their handwriting. Educators don't know how to deal with this. In many cases, there's no active help and a lack of teacher training. Q25: Campaigners point out that a high percentage of the prison population is left-handed. They say that these prison numbers are unusually high and ask why it is the case.?

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.?

Question 22. Why are some people criticizing the British government??
A) It has not done enough to help left-handed children.

Question 23. What do studies in recent years show about left-handed children??
D) They tend to have more difficulties in learning.

Question 24. What do the campaigners demand the Department of Education do??
D) Keep track of left-handed children' s school performance.

Question 25. What do the campaigners want to know about left-handed prisoners??
B) Why their numbers are so high.

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閱讀答案

卷一答案

選詞填空：

26.G)fear
27.C)avoid
28.H)limited
29.D)aware
30.B)answer
31.O)typically
32.J)result
33.L)rigorous
34.K)review
35.M)tend

信息匹配：

36.[H]Like Ms，Li， many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr Joyce said was an unattainable ideal“Some professional women aim to do it all They want to reach the top of the corporate ladder and flylikesuper-mom，"she said.
37.[E]ference，however，is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the home ent in particular，“DrJoycesaid.For example ， the United Nations reported that nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men.
38.[C]It's a common story- one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss ，for example，by claiming that women tend to complain more than men， despite the growing sumofre-search that underlines the problem .
39.[K] Disconnecting from work and home responsibilities is also obviously important .Butit'smuchcasier said than done .Itis important to understand what causes your stress in the first place .
40.[F]it's not just inside he home ，though. Research from Nova Southeastern University found that female managers were more likely than male managers to .display or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt.
41.[I]The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between stress a anxiety and heart health .Worse， most of what we know about heart dis-ease comes from studies involving men.....
42.[B]Ms.Li said her stress led to sleeplessness . When she did sleep she experienced"problem-solvingdreams，“which left her feeling unrested when she woke up.After I became a first -time mother，I quickly realized i was so busy caring for other people and work that I felt like I'd lost myself，
43.[G] Surface acting is a prime example of "emotionallabor "a concept that the writer Jess Zimmerman made fa-miliar in a 2015 essay. The essays parked a massive thread ，on the Internet community blog Meta Filter .
44.[J]The good news is， women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and manage it，the American Psy-chological Association reports .The concept ofself-care， atitscore，is quite simple.”
45.[D]e difference is not really news to me，as a clinical psy-chologist said ErinJoyce，

仔細閱讀：

As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-uti-lized.
46.C)It benefits employers at the expense of employees.
47.D) It negatively impacts productivity.
48.A) To provide convincing data for serious discussion
49.C) Employers'gain from remote working should go to employees as compensation.
50.A) It should be avoided if possible.

The human thirst for knowledge is the driving force behind our successful development as a species.
51.B)It is the force that pushes human society forward.
52.A) It motivates people to seek information.
53.D) They work in conjunction with the environment.
54.B)They prefer to go after all that is novel.
55.A)The cost of humans' curiosity to explore.

卷二答案

選詞填空∶

It is commonly believed that the great English dramatist and poet.
26.E)exact
27.C)conclusively
28.L)scarcity
29.H)position
30.Jprobably
31.B)classical
32.M)senior
33.D)emergence
34.A)captured
35.I)precision

信息匹配：

How to no be boring
36.(F) The most interesting people aren't those who've gone on some Eal,Pray,Love jourmey to find themsclves.Instead,Pirson says,they're those who examine the ordinary.
37.(J)Of course, it's possible to be a fountain of knowledge and a boring person,says public relations consultant Andrea Pass.Paying attention to the listener is an important part of。。。。
38.[B] To tell the truth,interesting people are more popular among their friends.If you don't arouse somcone's curiosity or brighten somcone's day,you probably come.…..
39.(I) Television veteran Audrey Morrissey, executive producer of NBC's The Voice,is always looking for what will make a person or story interesting to viewers…..
40.(M)I have now come to realize that being boring,in actuali-ty, is not only about who you are as a person,but also how you present yourself……
41.(C)Recently, I was at a gathering of colleagues when some-one turned to me and asked,"So,what's new with you?" Ordi narily, I think I'm a good conversationalist……..
42.(G) This is essentinlly how Jessica Hagy starts her day a lot of time thinking about what's interesting to her.....
43.(A)Humans are creatures habit. We love to establish a rou-tine and stick with it.Then we often put ourselves on auto-pi-lot.Routincs can be incredibly useful in helping you get things done….
44.(K)"If the listener is not paying attention, it's your sign to shorten the story or change direction.
45.(E)"If someone is making up some conversation that might be interesting, it's probably not going to land well," says Pirson, whose expertise includes trust and….

仔細閱讀：

With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we now recognise it as disease?
46. C) It should be regarded as a genetic disease.
47.D) It results from a lack of self-control.
48. A)Obese people would not feel responsible to take any action.
49.B)It is too inclusive and thus lacks clarity.
50.D)It may do little good to patients.

Nationwide, only about three percent of early childhood teach
51.C)It is negatively impacted by a lack of male teachers.
52.A) The importance of broadening children's horizons.
53.D)Many of them feel prejudiced against socially and cultur-ally.
54.A)Higher pay.
55.B) Taking measures to attract prospective male teachers to work in the field.

卷三答案

選詞填空∶

Many people believe that commitment are the foundations of ..
26.O)unique
27.)possess
28.D)endure
29.C)confused
30.J)presence
31.B)assess
32.Flgenius
33.A)acknowledge
34.M)surprising
35.G)highly

信息匹配：

Why it matters that teens are reading less?
36.[E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows.Large surveys con-ducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.
37.[B]Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…….
38.[G] Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year was one out of three by 2016. That is triple the number from two decades ago.……
39.[D]If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give activities? Maybe not. Over the years, many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities.…
40[.A] Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago.But today's teens have grown up with smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of de-cades ago, the way they interact with traditional media like books and movies is fundamentally different.…
41.[H]] This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and current reading habits will influence their academic per-formance.….
42.[c] Teens did not always spend that much time with digi-tal media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media use has moved from a periodic activity to a daily one in the same period.By 2016, nearly nine out of ten young women in the 12th grade said they visited social media sites every day.……
43.[F]But the treads related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research has revealed an enormous decline in reading.In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a book, newspaper or magazine every day that was not assigned for school.By 2016, only 16 percent did.
44.[B] Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.……
45.[E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.….

仔細閱讀：

Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touchsomeone ?
46.C)Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships .
47.D)How close the communicator‘s relationships are .
48.B) They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.
49.A)Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.
50.D)Take other people's preference into consideration .

From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病) and beyond ，the issues facing today's world are increasingly complex and dynamic .
51.A)It faces problems that are getting more varied and compli-cated.
52.C) People are divided about the nature of interest .
53.D)How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to crossdisciplinarythinking.
54.C) Making innovative products needs multidisciplinary products.
55.B) Broadening their interests .


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