在大家復(fù)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,可能會(huì)把大量的精力放到閱讀理解或者寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中,翻譯部分可能就沒(méi)有那么多的精力照顧到。但考研應(yīng)當(dāng)是分分必爭(zhēng),誰(shuí)又能知道最后的結(jié)果是怎樣的,所以我們一定要好好準(zhǔn)備。和滬江小編來(lái)看看下面的考研英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧解析。

  長(zhǎng)句翻譯

  ●分句法

  有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切,翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣,把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子,分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫,有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。

  例如:

  例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four.

  上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子,但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯,就可能被翻譯成:

  沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。這樣,就使得譯文極為不通順,不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,因此,我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力,這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。

  例2. Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which bare both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)

  分析:在此長(zhǎng)句中,有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”,三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義,因此在翻譯時(shí),可以采用分句法,按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句,結(jié)果為:人們常說(shuō),通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事,掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以

  看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。

  下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:

  例3. All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考題)

  他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi),就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇,以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

  例4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns,so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

  雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式,但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。

  ●逆序法

  英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同,甚至完全相反,這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始翻譯。

  例如:

  例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.

  分析:這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句,兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,“鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人

  發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句,也是全句的中心內(nèi)容,全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),共有五層意思:

  A.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);

  B.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;

  C.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;

  D.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;

  E.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。

  按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前,果在后,這樣,我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力,由于這個(gè)原因,在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

  例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

  分析:該句由一個(gè)主句,一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成,“……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心內(nèi)容,全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),包含三層含義:

  A.……變的越來(lái)越重要;

  B.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);

  C.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導(dǎo)。

  為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,我們也采用逆序法,翻譯成:因此,如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì),就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。

  下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

  例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

  一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型,再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了,這其中的原因,也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。

  例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

  對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō),舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段,而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng),因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。

  例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor,the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation,a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

  50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象,窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人,正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。

  例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

  許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位,這在西方倒是人之常情。

  例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

  假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們,昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼,害死我們的牛羊家畜,使我們不能生存于世。

  ●順序法

  當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí),可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:

  例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考題)

  分析:該句子由一個(gè)主句,三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成,共有五層意思:A.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);B.電仍在為我們工作;C.幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱;D.加熱水;E.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致,因此,我們可以通過(guò)順序法,把該句翻譯成:即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí),電仍在為我們工作:幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱,把水加熱,或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

  例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possibleto give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust allknown sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考題)

  分析:該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that…”,it為形式主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to…結(jié)構(gòu),其中,不定式作主語(yǔ),the time…是“expectationof life”的同位語(yǔ),進(jìn)一步解釋其含義,而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義:

  A.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;

  B.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;

  C.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;

  D.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。

  根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法,把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:

  可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到,其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的,人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”,也就是說(shuō),經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后,這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。

  下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

  例3. Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking anyfeatures that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictionsimposed by the male-dominated culture.

  在20世紀(jì)以前,小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn),因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。

  例4. This method of using“controls”can be applied to a variety of situations,and can beused to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is torust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

  這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況,也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案,從“鐵生銹,是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”

  例5. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as amature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama,the splendid achievements and terriblefailures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead,great and obscure,who once walked the earth,and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.

  我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后,這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái),我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性,對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好,最終以我們對(duì)人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的,無(wú)論是偉大與平凡,所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。

  例6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition byresenting and resisting it.

  如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備,而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng),正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志,他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心,所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。

  句式翻譯

  ●代詞句式

  (一)人稱代詞及物主代詞的指代

  【真題例句】

  Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

  【解析】

  從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看,該句because of 的后邊接兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport來(lái)表示原因。其中,第二個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)又含有一個(gè)短語(yǔ)themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明mass migration movements。因此,這里的代詞themselves 指代名詞短語(yǔ)mass migration movements。

  【參考譯文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流通變得相對(duì)容易)造成的種種問(wèn)題也回對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。

  (二)不定代詞的指代

  【真題例句】

  While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

  【解析】

  不定代詞one 指代名詞短語(yǔ)definition of history。在這里one 和物主代詞及人稱代詞在指代名詞方面有所不同, one 指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞的同類名詞,其中,one 表示單數(shù),ones表示復(fù)數(shù);而物主代詞及人稱代詞必須指代上文中出現(xiàn)的名詞本身,所以單復(fù)數(shù)必須一致。比如這里若要用人稱代詞,則必須用they/them來(lái)指代上文中復(fù)數(shù)形式的definitions of history。

  【參考譯文】幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定,但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。

  (三)指示代詞的指代

  【真題例句】

  Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.

  【解析】

  這里的this指代前面的a responsibility to the society,如果只是譯成"這個(gè)",則會(huì)造成語(yǔ)義不明。在to mankind之前省去了Everybody has a responsibility (to)。

  【參考譯文】每個(gè)人都對(duì)他所屬的社會(huì)負(fù)有責(zé)任,并且通過(guò)對(duì)社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)任,而對(duì)人類負(fù)有責(zé)任。

  ●分詞句式

  1.分詞作狀語(yǔ),可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果(補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明)、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。作狀語(yǔ)的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ),使用何種分詞,要取決于分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系:主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞,動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。

  2.分詞作定語(yǔ),做定語(yǔ)的單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語(yǔ)一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?,F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(與名詞有主謂關(guān)系),過(guò)去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。

  在翻譯時(shí),需首先判斷分詞在句子中所承擔(dān)的成分,然后參照定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的相關(guān)翻譯技巧來(lái)翻譯即可。

  【真題例句1】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

  【解析】Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),表原因。本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干為"Whorf developed the idea",Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),表原因。That引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明idea。

  【參考譯文】沃爾夫?qū)φZ(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣,因此逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn):在一個(gè)社會(huì)中,語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習(xí)慣性思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。

  【真題例句2】The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

  【解析】劃線部分為過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),句子的主干為"The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science."。介詞結(jié)構(gòu)on data作后置定語(yǔ)修飾限定emphasis,過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)gathered…作后置定語(yǔ)修飾限定data,過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)combined with…作定語(yǔ)修飾限定emphasis,過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)brought to作后置定語(yǔ)修飾限定perspective。

  【參考譯文】強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料,加上在分析過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時(shí)采用跨文化視角,使得人類學(xué)研究成為一門(mén)獨(dú)特而且非常重要的社會(huì)科學(xué)。

  【真題例句3】Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

  【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語(yǔ),表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語(yǔ),表目的。句子的主干為"companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels",現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語(yǔ),表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語(yǔ),表目的。

  【參考譯文】公司因此感到了威脅,便做出了反應(yīng),寫(xiě)出越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)的警示標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ),力圖預(yù)

  先標(biāo)明種種可能發(fā)生的事故。

  ●定語(yǔ)從句

  定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法主要有以下四種:

  前置法:把定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容翻譯成"……的",放在被修飾詞的前面。

  后置法:把定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯放在被修飾詞之后,定語(yǔ)從句的后置翻譯分為三類:由which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般翻譯為"這";另一些引導(dǎo)詞則在翻譯時(shí)重復(fù)先行詞,即被修飾詞;還有一些引導(dǎo)詞在翻譯時(shí)可以省略不譯。

  融合法:將定語(yǔ)從句與主句融合為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的方法。這種用法往往用在"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的句型中。

  狀譯法:如果主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間有明顯邏輯關(guān)系,則翻譯為狀語(yǔ)。

  【真題例句1】

  Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

  【解析】

  可以拆分為:Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised //in an environment// where there are many stimuli //which develop his or her capacity //for appropriate responses //will experience greater intellectual development.

  本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引導(dǎo)suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞是will experience;who引導(dǎo)修飾child的定語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞為is raised;where引導(dǎo)修飾environment的定語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞為are;which引導(dǎo)修飾stimuli的定語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞為develop。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯運(yùn)用了"狀譯法",翻譯為"如果……那么……";where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句因比較短小而采取了前置法,放到了先行詞environment的前面,翻譯為"……的";which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

  【參考譯文】

  行為主義者的看法是,如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長(zhǎng),而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力,那么,這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。

  【真題例句2】

  The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

  【解析】

  可以拆分為:The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection// with the process of thought, //which took root// in Europe //long before people realized //how diverse languages could be.

  本句的主干即是:The Greeks assumed。That引導(dǎo)assumed的賓語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞為had;which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,即希臘人的觀點(diǎn),句中動(dòng)詞是took;在此定語(yǔ)從句中,long before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞是realized;其中how引導(dǎo)realized的賓語(yǔ)從句,從句動(dòng)詞為could be。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)重復(fù)先行詞,即前面整句,譯為"這一觀點(diǎn)"。

  【參考譯文】

  希臘人認(rèn)為,語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

  ●詞類轉(zhuǎn)換句

  詞類轉(zhuǎn)換就是把英語(yǔ)中的某種詞性,轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)中的另外一種詞性來(lái)表達(dá)的翻譯技巧。由于英漢語(yǔ)言的差異,在翻譯時(shí),需要進(jìn)行此類的轉(zhuǎn)換,下面介紹以下四種??嫉脑~類轉(zhuǎn)換技巧:

  1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞

  在翻譯的過(guò)程中,會(huì)遇到大量由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞或具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞,這些詞在翻譯時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

  【真題例句】

  He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.

  【解析】此處涉及到抽象名詞具體化以及名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。此處possession為名詞,翻譯中為了符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,翻譯成動(dòng)詞。

  【參考譯文】他說(shuō)自己并不像著名的赫胥黎那樣擁有極好的理解力和敏銳的洞察力。

  2.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

  英語(yǔ)中有許多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞,以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞,在翻譯時(shí)往往不容易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞,這時(shí)可以將其轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞。

  The giraffe is characterized by its very long neck.

  【參考譯文】長(zhǎng)頸鹿的特點(diǎn)是脖子很長(zhǎng)。

  3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞

  在英語(yǔ)中,形容詞常常與系動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成"系表結(jié)構(gòu)"。"系表結(jié)構(gòu)"做謂語(yǔ),從而使這些形容詞具有了動(dòng)作的意味,翻譯的時(shí)候需轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。這些形容詞包括表示知覺(jué)、思維、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞。

  常見(jiàn)的與思維和知覺(jué)相關(guān)的形容詞有:aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等;與情感相關(guān)的形容詞有:glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等;與欲望相關(guān)的形容詞有:desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous等。

  【真題例句】

  win was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

  【參考譯文】win認(rèn)為,沒(méi)有了這些愛(ài)好,不僅僅意味著失去快樂(lè),而且可能會(huì)損傷智力,更有甚者還可能損害道德品質(zhì)。(或者"甚至可能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)人道德品質(zhì)的下降")

  4.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞

  由于英語(yǔ)中的名詞在翻譯的時(shí)候可以轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞。

  We must make full use of exiting technical equipment.

  【參考譯文】 我們必須充分利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)設(shè)備。

  ●被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中的使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,在英語(yǔ)中極為重要??佳兄谐3I婕暗竭@個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或的執(zhí)行者含糊不清時(shí),多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

  主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的對(duì)比:

  主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

 ?、賗s\am\ are ②do/does(V.\V.s) am\is\ are +done(V. p.p)

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)

  will\be going to\be (about) to +do(V.) will +be +done(V. p.p)

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  ①was\were ②did(V.-ed) was\were +done(V. p.p)

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

  am\is\are +doing(V.-ing) am\is\are +doing +done(V. p.p)

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  was\were +doing(V.-ing) was\were +doing +done(V.p.p)

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  have\ has +done(V. p.p.) have\has +been +done(V. p.p)

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  had +done(V. p.p.) Had +been +done(V. p.p.)

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+V.

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +done(V. p.p.)

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

  would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)

  翻譯時(shí)有以下幾種翻譯方法:

  ①譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句:使用"被、受、遭、讓、給、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、為……所"等詞。

 ?、谠黾又髡Z(yǔ),即動(dòng)作的實(shí)際發(fā)出者,或虛擬發(fā)出者。

 ?、圩g成漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句

  另外還有一些常用被動(dòng)句型的習(xí)慣譯法,需要平時(shí)積累,比如:

  It is hoped that... 希望……,有人希望……

  It is assumed that... 假設(shè)……,假定……

  It is claimed that... 據(jù)說(shuō)……,有人主張……

  It is believed that... 有人想信……,大家相信……

  It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)道……,據(jù)通報(bào)……

  It is considered that... 人們認(rèn)為……,據(jù)估計(jì)……

  It is said that... 據(jù)說(shuō)……,有人說(shuō)……

  【考研試題例句】

  It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.

  【解析】

  It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

  主句:it is imagined,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),而that引導(dǎo)的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主語(yǔ)從句,為真正的主語(yǔ)。原文中有三個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)is imagined,be compared和be required,譯成漢語(yǔ)都變成了主動(dòng)表達(dá):"認(rèn)為"、"相比"和"掌握"。具體為:

  (1)It is imagined by many 此處是"It+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+that"形式的處理,譯為"很多人認(rèn)為"。

  (2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此處所用的是譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句的處理方法,并保存原文主語(yǔ)譯為"普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與這些思維過(guò)程(科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程)相比"。

  (3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此處所用的是譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的處理方法,譯為"認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程是必須由某種專門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握"。

  【參考譯文】

  許多人以為,普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與這些思維過(guò)程(科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程)相比,認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程是必須由某種專門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。

  考研英語(yǔ)中的翻譯一直是考生認(rèn)為性價(jià)比最低的考點(diǎn)之一,盡管在復(fù)習(xí)前期投注諸多心血,但是往往卻只能收獲很低的分。對(duì)于這種難度系數(shù)較高的考察方式,解題技巧能夠在很大程度上幫助你快速審題并解題。

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