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　　Some findings have revealed that cities around the world are growing large. Could you outline the possible causes and predict consequences?

　　概述：城市化是一個(gè)越來越受關(guān)注的社會(huì)問題。城市化(urbanization or urban sprawl)是指農(nóng) 村地區(qū)建立城鎮(zhèn)，或者是城市不斷地向農(nóng)村擴(kuò)展(expansive growth of a metropolitan area)。

　　城市化產(chǎn)生的原因：

　　? 經(jīng)濟(jì)：工業(yè)的發(fā)展使得工廠和商業(yè)(包括超級(jí)市場)不斷在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)建立;

　　? 社會(huì)：人口快速增長，大量農(nóng)民來到城市以求獲得工作機(jī)會(huì);

　　? 技術(shù)：交通工具的發(fā)達(dá)使人們可以更容易到較遠(yuǎn)的地方，因而有更多人遷居郊區(qū);

　　? 個(gè)人：人們希望獲得更大的生活空間(expand living space),更好的生活環(huán)境(attractive living conditions),從而選擇在郊區(qū)居住。

　　城市化產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響：

　　? 經(jīng)濟(jì)：人口增加導(dǎo)致基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的費(fèi)用增加(increased infrastructure costs);

　　? 社會(huì)：大量的流動(dòng)人口 (high mobility of populations)會(huì)導(dǎo)致犯罪率上升，影響社會(huì)穩(wěn)定;

　　? 環(huán)境：影響空氣質(zhì)量(impair air quality)，導(dǎo)致污染，影響人們的身體健康。

　　解決城市化負(fù)面影響的措施：

　　?保護(hù)和提升自然和文化資源(preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources);保持當(dāng)?shù)氐某鞘酗L(fēng)貌和文化(protect the local landscape and culture);確保新的建筑項(xiàng)目不會(huì)破壞鄉(xiāng)村的風(fēng)景和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(prevent any damage to rustic scenery and ecosystems);

　　? 發(fā)展甚礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)(upgrade infrastructures),使人們具有更強(qiáng)的環(huán)保意識(shí)(make people environmentally conscious),譬如說，城巿新發(fā)展的地區(qū)可以鼓勵(lì)人們步行或便用自行車(make areas of urban sprawl walkable or bicycle-friendly)

　　另外,城鄉(xiāng)差距(widening gap between urban and rural areas)也是一個(gè)常考的問題

　　城鄉(xiāng)差距主要體現(xiàn)在：

　　? 收入差距(the income gap/disparity between urban residents and rural residents),財(cái)富分配的不平均;

　　? 鄉(xiāng)村缺乏獲得教育的途徑(lower access to education),文盲率較高(higher illiteracy);

　　? 醫(yī)療資源主要集中在城市(medical resources concentrated in cities);疾病的爆發(fā)導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)力的損失(national productivity suffers);

　　? 資源投人的不平衡——鄉(xiāng)村缺乏各種基本設(shè)施和服務(wù)，比如電力、能源供應(yīng)(electricity and fuel supply)、公路、電話和網(wǎng)絡(luò)(access to telephones and the Internet)等;

　　? 城市人口密度更大(population density);就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)更多(more job opportunities)。

　　解決城鄉(xiāng)差距的方法：

　　? 制定優(yōu)惠政策促進(jìn)郊區(qū)發(fā)展(make preferential policies to boost rural development);

　　? 增加基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投人，改善郊區(qū)的交通、道路、電子通訊(roads, streets, rapid transit system, telecommunications )等;

　　? 全面提高農(nóng)民的科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)，提高其生產(chǎn)力(productivity);鼓勵(lì)郊區(qū)居民積極主動(dòng)創(chuàng)業(yè)，創(chuàng)造更多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)(more job opportunities),提高收人(raise income), 從根本上改變貧窮落后的狀況。

　　題目解析：

　　城市化的原因：

　　?人口增加和移民(an unprecedented population growth and migration)造成基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備不足(devoid of basic amenities),導(dǎo)致原有的基礎(chǔ)經(jīng)費(fèi)不足，城市條件惡化(urban decay),于是城市居民開 始遷居城外，導(dǎo)致城市的擴(kuò)展;

　　?隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和家庭收人的提高(strong economy and increasing household incomes),人們 開始喜歡低密度的住宅區(qū)(strong preference for lower-density housing);同時(shí)，由于人們可以 支付得起汽車等交通的費(fèi)用(able to afford the automobile),這也使得人們更易遷居城外;

　　?城市規(guī)劃不當(dāng)(bad city planning)導(dǎo)致道路的建設(shè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的擴(kuò)建(construction of roads and the provision of infrastructure)與地區(qū)統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展不協(xié)調(diào)(unplanned development),最終使得城市 居民遷居城外。

　　城市化所造成的影響：

　　?環(huán)境影響(environmental impact)：郊區(qū)的景觀千篇一律(monotonous suburban landscapes);空 氣污染,有害健康(ill-health due to air pollution generated by traffic);

　　?社會(huì)影響(social impact):城市人口流動(dòng)增大(high mobility)會(huì)導(dǎo)致犯罪率的上升(a surge in the crime rate),人們不會(huì)有社區(qū)的感覺(sense of community),人與人之間的關(guān)系比較短暫 (abbreviated),社區(qū)的團(tuán)結(jié)和價(jià)值不復(fù)存在(loss of community spirit and values);

　　?經(jīng)濟(jì)影響(economic impact):在郊區(qū)建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施導(dǎo)致政府財(cái)政壓力(adverse fiscal impacts),對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的要求不能夠被滿足(unmet demand on infrastructure);交通堵塞(traffic congestion )影響工作效率，延誤商品和服務(wù)的輸送(delay the delivery of goods and services)。

　　范文

　　Of those issues that have concerned the government, academics and the public throughout the world, urban sprawl is one of the most prominent. There are conflicting views toward this growing trend. While it has been taken as a positive development in many newly emerging cities, it is increasingly perceived as a threat to the rural environment and considered as a trigger for numerous urban problems. The objective of this essay is to evaluate the forces behind this trend and its consequences.

　　Population growth is widely recognized as the primary reason. The room in the city center is so limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate an ever-growing population. Another problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage and poor conditions of buildings. Lack of amenities, such as water and electricity supply, waste disposal, sewage treatment, to name but a few, has left no choice to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs, where they have easier access to new facilities.

　　City dwellers are not always moving outward unwillingly. The continued increase in household incomes gives renewed impetus to urban development. People nowadays have higher expectations for quality of life and a growing appetite for lower-density housing with a larger open space. It is possibly the main reason why the real estate market has its focus now on the outskirts of the city, but not on the center. In the meantime, the affordability and ubiquity of car ownership has made transport a less serious concern for those living in suburbs. They can commute daily between the place of work and the place of residence with ease.

　　The sustained expansion of cities will make a marked impact on the society in several dimensions. The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming. Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities and characteristics. From the economic perspective, the relocation of a high population in suburbs will pose adverse fiscal impacts on the local government in infrastructure construction. To those who used to live in suburbs, the inflow of new inhabitants would damage the community spirit and make relations between neighbours fragile.

　　Urban sprawl is, therefore, a trend which has a strong effect on the environment, communities and government budgeting. When urban decay and citizens' desire for a higher standard of living make this trend irreversible, the emphasis should be placed on planned and sustainable development.

　　近義詞表

　　1. amenity=facility=service ：設(shè)施，設(shè)備，服務(wù)

　　2. disposal=clearance:處理

　　3. treatment=handling=dealing:處理

　　4. to name but a few=to mention but a few=and so on=and so forth:諸如此類

　　5. renewed=new:新的

　　6. impetus=momentum=thrust=drive=force ：推動(dòng)力

　　7. quality of life =living standard=the level of comfort and wealth:生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，生活質(zhì)量

　　8. real estate=property=housing:房地產(chǎn)

　　9. outskirt=suburb=the periphery of a city：郊區(qū)

　　10. in the meantime=meanwhile：同時(shí)，與此同時(shí)

　　11. ubiquity=prevalence=popularity:普遍

　　12. commute=go back and forth:通勤，在兩個(gè)地方之間來去(常用于上下班)

　　13. with ease=easily=effortlessly=without much effort=without difficulty: 輕松地

　　14. marked=noticeable=distinct=manifest: 顯著的

　　15. inflow=influx=arrival:流入，到來

　　16. inhabitant=dweller=citizen=resident: 居住者

　　17. damage=injure: 破壞

　　18. irreversible=unalterable:不可扭轉(zhuǎn)的，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的

以上就是今天為大家分享的專四寫作預(yù)測(cè)啦。希望各位小伙伴認(rèn)真?zhèn)淇?，早日通過考試！