英語的時(shí)態(tài)用法及結(jié)構(gòu)
英語一共有十六個(gè)時(shí)態(tài),各自結(jié)構(gòu)不同,分別是:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
1.一般在進(jìn)行時(shí)(sb am/is/are/do/did )
? ? ? ?①表示現(xiàn)在的情況、狀態(tài)或特征。
例:He is a student.
他是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
②表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。
例:He always helps others.
他總是幫助別人。
?、劭陀^事實(shí)和普遍真理。
例:The earth moves the sun.
地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
?、鼙硎疽粋€(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng) 、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞,可以與表示未來時(shí)間的狀語搭配使用 。
常見的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開車。
?、菰跁r(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將的來事情。(即:主將從現(xiàn)原則)
例:I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
我一到機(jī)場(chǎng)就會(huì)給你打電話。
When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.
等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are doing)
?、俦硎敬藭r(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事情。
例:He is listning to the music now.
他現(xiàn)在正在聽音樂。
?、诒硎灸壳耙欢螘r(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的事情,但不一定此時(shí)此刻正在做。
例:I am studying computer this term.
這個(gè)學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)。
?、郜F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來的含義。
瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行一定表將來。
例: I am leaving.
我要離開了。
持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行只有有將來的時(shí)間狀語或有將來語境中才表將來。
例: I am travelling next month.
下個(gè)月我要去旅行。
?、墁F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞連用,表示說話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩。
例: He is always helping others.
他總是幫助別人。(褒義)
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done)
?、俦硎緞?dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。
例:I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
我買了一所新房子,但是還沒有賣掉舊的,所以現(xiàn)在我又兩所房子。
②表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正。
? ? ? 4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing)
表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。
例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.
到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。
5. 一般過去時(shí) (did; was/were)
?、俦硎具^去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
例:I bought some fruits yesterday.
我昨天買了一些水果。
?、诒硎具^去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。
例:When I was a boy,I often swam in that river.
would/used to do:表示過去常常......
例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。
He used to visit his mother once a week.
他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。
6. 過去完成時(shí)(had done)
表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的"過去的過去"。
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.
到那時(shí)為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒得到他的消息了。
7. 過去將來時(shí)(would do)
表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.
我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。
8. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)
?、俦硎驹谶^去具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。
?、诒硎具^去某個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生的事情。
例:I was travelling in London last summer vacation.
去年暑假我在倫敦旅行。
?、圻^去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過去將來的含義。
瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一定表示過去將來的含義。
例:Then she said she was leaving.
然后她說她要離開了。
持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)只有在有過去將來的時(shí)間狀語或過去將來的語境下才能表示過去將來。
例:She said that she was travelling the next day.
她說她第二天要去旅行。
?、苓^去進(jìn)行時(shí)和頻度副詞連用可以表示說話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩。
9. 一般將來時(shí)
(1)will do
①表示主語主觀意愿的將來。
例:I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
我將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。
?、诒硎究陀^將來。
例:Fish will die without water.
離開水,魚會(huì)死。
?、郾硎九R時(shí)決定。
例:——Mary has been ill for a week.
——Oh,I didn't know. I will go and see her.
(2)am/is/are going to do
?、俦硎居?jì)劃、打算做某事。
例:This is just what I am going to say.
這正是我想說的。
?、诒硎靖鶕?jù)某種跡象看,很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情,表推測(cè)。
例:Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.
看天上的烏云,要下雨了。
(3)am/is/are about to do
表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。
例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.
別擔(dān)心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。
(4)be to do
?、俦硎尽鞍从?jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.
星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見到她。
?、谠撟龌虿辉撟龅氖虑?語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語氣。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
孩子們,你們必須 上床睡覺,不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。
10. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)
強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。
例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。
11. 將來完成時(shí)(will have done)
表示從將來的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是在某個(gè)將來時(shí)間完成,但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。
例:The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
會(huì)議從開始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期。
12.將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):(will have been doing)
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.
到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。
13.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.
我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。
14.過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):( would be doing )
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.
政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。
15.過去將來完成時(shí):(would have done)
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.
我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止,那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來。但是我錯(cuò)了。
16.過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):(would have been doing)
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.
他們說到第二個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。
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