英語是我們學(xué)習(xí)的第二大語言,也是學(xué)習(xí)的主要科目之一。要想學(xué)好英語,首先要端正自己的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度,養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,掌握方法很重要,方法用對(duì),學(xué)習(xí)才能提高效率。下面是滬江小編整理的英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),大家可以作為學(xué)習(xí)的參考。

  第一部分:基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

  1.字母:26個(gè)字母的大小寫

  ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

  Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

  2.語音:元音的發(fā)音

  五個(gè)元音字母:AEIOU

  12個(gè)單元音:前元音:[i:] [?] /e/ [?] 中元音:[?:] [?]

  后元音:[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u :] [?] [?]

  雙元音(8個(gè))

 ?、?合口雙元音(5個(gè))[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i]

  Ⅱ.集中雙元音(3個(gè)) [i?][ε?][u?]

  3.詞匯:詞匯量,近反義詞

  4.句子:大小寫,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

  第二部分:語法知識(shí)

  一、名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格式

  (一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)

  1.一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

  2.以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

  3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

  4.以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

  5.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):

  man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen mouse-mice

  child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

  不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

  (二)名詞的格

  (1) 有生命的東西的名詞所有格:

  a) 單數(shù)后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

  b) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

  c) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加 ’s children’s shoes

  并列名詞中,如果把 ’s加在最后一個(gè)名詞后,表示共有, 如:

  Tom and Mike’s car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車

  要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加’s

  Tom’s and Mike’s cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車

  (2)表示無生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來表示所有關(guān)系:

  如:a picture of the classroom a map of China。

  二、冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類

  (1)不定冠詞:a / an a unit / an uncle

  元音開頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :

  an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson

  (2)定冠詞:the the egg the plane

  2. 用法:

  定冠詞的用法:

  (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.

  (2)復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

  (3)談話雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.

  (4)在序數(shù)詞前:John’s birthday is February the second.

  (5)用于固定詞組中:in the morning / afternoon / evening

  不用冠詞的情況:

  (1)專有名詞前:China is a big country.

  (2)名詞前有定語:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball.

  (3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

  (4)在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

  (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

  (6)球類 棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

  但樂器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well.

  (7)學(xué)科名稱前:My favorite subject is music.

  (8)在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li.

  (9)固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus

  三、代詞、形容詞、副詞

  代詞:人稱代詞,物主代詞

  主格賓格

  第一

  人稱單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)

  復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)

  第二

  人稱單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)

  復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)

  第三

  人稱單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)

  she(她)herher(她的)

  it(它)itits(它的)

  復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)

  形容詞,副詞:比較級(jí),最高級(jí)

  (一)形容詞的比較級(jí)

  1.形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用:兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí),比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語中可用賓格)。

  2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則

  ⑴ 一般在詞尾加er ;

 ?、?以字母e 結(jié)尾,加r ;

  ⑶ 以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加er ;

  ⑷ 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er 。

  3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí):

  good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

  (二)副詞的比較級(jí)

  1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))

  ⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后

 ?、聘痹~在句子中最常見的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后

  2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better, far-farther)

  四、數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞

  (1)1-20

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

  (2)21-99 先說“幾十”,再說“幾”,中間加連字符。

  23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

  (3)101—999先說“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);

  586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

  (4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion

  1,001→one thousand and one

  18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

  750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion

  序數(shù)詞

  (1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th

  ,thirteen→thirteenth

  (2)不規(guī)則變化

  one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth

  (3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th

  twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

  (4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。

  twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

  基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣:

  基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th.

  一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.

  八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。

  ty將y變成i,th前面有個(gè)e.

  若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來后用序。

  五、介詞:常用介詞:in, on, at, behind等

  表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。

  at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)

  

  1)表示具體日期。

  注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法:

  at(on)the weekend 在周末---特指

  at(on)weekends 在周末---泛指

  over the weekend 在整個(gè)周末

  during the weekend 在周末期間

  (2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說at Christmas?而不說on Christmas?

  2)在(剛……)的時(shí)候。

  On reaching the city he called up his parents.

  一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。

  

  1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))

  六、動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài)

  (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

  1. be動(dòng)詞:主語+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一個(gè)男孩。

  2. 行為動(dòng)詞:主語+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如:We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。

  當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。

  動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則

  1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

  2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

  3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

  (2)一般過去時(shí):

  動(dòng)詞過去式詳解 動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:

  A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

  ①一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

 ?、谝詄結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

 ?、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)

 ?、?雙寫最后一個(gè)字母(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 stopped

  B、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類詞并無規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過去式:

  sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell –told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

  (3)一般將來時(shí):

  基本結(jié)構(gòu):

 ?、賐e going to + do;

 ?、趙ill+ do. be going to = will

  I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

  (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞

  動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則:

 ?、僖话愕闹苯釉诤竺婕由蟟ng , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

  ②以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing

 ?、垭p寫最后一個(gè)字母的(此類動(dòng)詞極少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting

  學(xué)習(xí)英語要從基礎(chǔ)開始學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)習(xí)過程中不能三天打魚兩天曬網(wǎng)。平時(shí)養(yǎng)成積累和運(yùn)用的好習(xí)慣有利于提高學(xué)習(xí)效率,以上就是小編給大家整理的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望可以給大家在學(xué)習(xí)過程中帶來幫助。