The reason the chimpanzees don't do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.

黑猩猩不這樣做的原因是它們不能進(jìn)行心理學(xué)家和人類學(xué)家所稱的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)。

That is, they seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching.

也就是說(shuō)，他們似乎缺乏通過(guò)復(fù)制、模仿或僅僅是觀看來(lái)向別人學(xué)習(xí)的能力。

As a result, they can't improve on others' ideas, learn from others' mistakes, or even benefit from others' wisdom.

因此，他們不能就別人的想法加以改進(jìn)，不能從別人的錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)，甚至不能從別人的智慧中獲益。

And so they just do the same thing over and over and over again.

所以他們只是一遍又一遍地做同樣的事情。

In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same rocks to crack open the nuts.

事實(shí)上，我們可以過(guò)100萬(wàn)年再來(lái)看，這些黑猩猩會(huì)用同樣的石頭來(lái)敲開(kāi)堅(jiān)果。

Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old saying, "monkey see, monkey do," the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that -- at least not very much.

好的，這告訴我們，與“猴子看，猴子做（有樣學(xué)樣）”這句老話相反，所有其他動(dòng)物都不能做到這一點(diǎn)——至少學(xué)到的不是很多。

But by comparison, we humans can learn.

但相比之下，我們?nèi)祟惪梢詫W(xué)習(xí)。

We can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do.

我們可以通過(guò)觀察其他人，復(fù)制或模仿他們的行為來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。

We can then choose, from among a range of options available, the best one.

然后，我們可以從一系列可供選擇的選項(xiàng)中選擇最好的一個(gè)。

We can benefit from others' ideas. We can build on their wisdom.

我們可以從別人的想法中獲益。我們可以依靠他們的智慧。

And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our technology progresses.

因此，我們的想法不斷積累，我們的技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步。

And this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday life.

這種累積的文化適應(yīng)，正如人類學(xué)家所稱的，是思想的積累，與熙熙攘攘的日常生活中你周圍的一切都有關(guān)。

I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago.

我的意思是，世界在飛速變化，與我們?cè)?000年或2000年前所認(rèn)識(shí)到的世界已經(jīng)完全不一樣了。

And all of this is because of cumulative cultural adaptation.

所有這些都是由于累積的文化適應(yīng)。

For instance, the chairs you're sitting in today, the lights in this lecture hall, my microphone, the iPads and the smart phones that you carry around with you -- all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation.

例如，你們今天坐的椅子，這個(gè)演講廳的燈，我的麥克風(fēng)，ipad和你們隨身攜帶的智能手機(jī)——所有這些都是累積文化適應(yīng)的結(jié)果。

But, our acquisition of social learning would create an evolutionary dilemma, and the solution to the dilemma, it's fair to say, would determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the entire world.

但是，我們對(duì)社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)能力的習(xí)得會(huì)造成一個(gè)進(jìn)化困境，而這個(gè)困境的解決方案，公平地說(shuō)，不僅會(huì)決定我們心理的未來(lái)走向，也會(huì)決定整個(gè)世界的未來(lái)走向。

And most importantly for this, it'll tell us why we have language.

最重要的是，它會(huì)告訴我們?yōu)槭裁次覀冇姓Z(yǔ)言。

And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft.

之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種困境，是因?yàn)?，社?huì)學(xué)習(xí)是視覺(jué)盜竊。

What I mean is, if I can learn by watching you, I can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your efforts, without having to put in the same time and energy that you did into developing them.

我的意思是，如果我能通過(guò)觀察你來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，我就能竊取你最好的想法，我就能從你的努力中獲益，而不用像你那樣投入時(shí)間和精力去獲得它們。

Social learning really is visual theft.

社交學(xué)習(xí)真的是視覺(jué)盜竊。