四級(jí)翻譯練習(xí)：皮影戲
皮影戲是流行于中國(guó)的一門(mén)古老民間藝術(shù)。這種藝術(shù)形式產(chǎn)生于兩千多年前，到了宋代，皮影戲已十分發(fā)達(dá)。13世紀(jì)時(shí)，皮影戲傳到西亞，到了18世紀(jì)傳到世界很多地方。1 皮影戲是世界上最早由人配音的影畫(huà)藝術(shù)。它的成功給現(xiàn)代電影很大的啟發(fā)。皮影戲的妙處不僅在于皮影的制作，更在于表演。2 其表演水平的高低，取決于演員的唱功和手上功夫。3 過(guò)去沒(méi)有電影、電視等現(xiàn)代娛樂(lè)，皮影戲成為重要的娛樂(lè)形式。即使是在娛樂(lè)業(yè)高度發(fā)達(dá)的今天它仍然受到人們的廣泛喜愛(ài)。2011年，皮影戲被列入人類(lèi)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。

參考譯文：
Shadow puppetry is an ancient folk art popular among the Chinese people. The art form first appeared 2,000 years ago and by the Song Dynasty it had become highly developed. In the 13th century it was introduced into West Asia, and by the 18th century it had spread to many parts of the world. Shadow puppetry is the world’s earliest movie art with the accompaniment of human voice. Its success has given much enlightenment to the development of modern movie. The appeal of shadow puppetry lies not only in its puppet-making, but more in its performance. How good a shadow play is depends on the singing of the performers and their handling of the puppets. In the past, without film, television, or other modern entertainments, shadow puppetry was an important form of entertainment. Even today when the entertainment industry is highly developed, shadow puppetry remains a welcome form of entertainment. In 2011, shadow puppetry was inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

?
翻譯簡(jiǎn)析
1 原文用了兩個(gè)“傳到”，譯文分別譯作was introduced into和spread to，避免重復(fù)使用相同的動(dòng)詞，更符合英文的行文習(xí)慣。
2 句中的“妙處”譯作appeal，巧妙而傳神。也可譯為beauty或merit。
3 原文的“手上功夫”在翻譯時(shí)作了具體化處理，譯為their handling of the puppet。
翻譯中有時(shí)需要在抽象和具體之間、虛與實(shí)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，以便表意清楚明晰。