? ? ? ?一、 關(guān)系詞的定義和分類

? ? ? ?關(guān)系詞,即體現(xiàn)句子之間關(guān)系的詞或詞組。也有不少人稱之為信號詞,或者是連接詞。不管在雅思聽說讀寫四門中的任何一門都需要用到這類詞,以使得句子更加流暢,句意更加明晰。

? ? ? ?關(guān)系詞可分為兩大類:

  1. 同向關(guān)系詞

  同向關(guān)系詞,即用上此類詞或詞組,句子內(nèi)部或句子間的方向沒有發(fā)生改變,只是根據(jù)前面的句意進(jìn)一步延伸和細(xì)化。將其歸納為:

  舉例關(guān)系詞:for example, for instance, e.g., such as, like, take sth. for example

  類比關(guān)系詞:like, alike, similar, same, as

  選擇,并列和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系詞:or, either…or, and, as well, also, besides, apart from, in addition, what’s more, furthermore, moreover (分號;)

  因果關(guān)系詞:

  表示由引起的,后接原因的詞或詞組:because,because of,as a result of, as a consequence of, due to, result from, be attributed to, be contributed to, arise from, owing to, thanks to, in that

  表示導(dǎo)致,后接結(jié)果的詞或者詞組:so, therefore, thus, as a result, as a consequence, lead to, result in, attribute to, contribute to, give rise to, bring about, generate

  總結(jié)關(guān)系詞:in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in sum, all in all, in brief

  2. 逆向關(guān)系詞

  逆向關(guān)系詞,即用上此類詞或詞組,句子內(nèi)部或句子間的方向發(fā)生改變,前后句子意思形成相反關(guān)系??偨Y(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),這類詞包含:

  否定關(guān)系詞:not, none, no, never, non-, dis-, un-, in-, im-, -less, few, little, hardly, barely, seldom, neither…nor

  轉(zhuǎn)折和讓步關(guān)系詞:but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact, actually, despite, in spite of, although, even though, though

  對比關(guān)系詞:unlike, by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary, conversely

  (注:以上各類關(guān)系詞中所舉的例子僅僅只是常見的一部分)

  二、 關(guān)系詞在雅思聽力中的使用

  在雅思聽力考試中,不管是在審題還是在聽題過程中,我們都需要利用到關(guān)系詞,以協(xié)助判斷答案的形式及正確程度。下面我們通過真題來見證關(guān)系詞的重要作用:

  真題重現(xiàn):

  并列關(guān)系詞: Cambridge 4 Test 1 Section 1

  Visit places which have:

  ?historical interest

  ?good 1 …………………………….

  ?2 ………………………………

  本題中,雖然沒有明顯的并列關(guān)系詞,但是有很明顯的并列格式。在看題的時(shí)候,我們只要注意到第1題與上行的historical interest是并列關(guān)系,中間一般會有并列關(guān)系詞 and, as well, also, besides之類的詞匯出現(xiàn);而第2題與第1題也是一樣的情況。那么,在聽題的時(shí)候,我們排除干擾,撇開因果,修飾之類的成分,在historical interest出現(xiàn)之處,認(rèn)真聽并列關(guān)系的內(nèi)容就可以很輕易地抓到答案了。

  舉例關(guān)系詞: Cambridge 4 Test 1 Section 2

  11 Riverside Village was a good place to start an industry because it had water, raw materials and fuels such as ………………… and …………………. .

  本題中出現(xiàn)了舉例關(guān)系詞 such as, 那么,在讀題的時(shí)候,我們心中就會有數(shù)了,不但知道這邊會出現(xiàn)像like, for example之類的舉例關(guān)系詞,而且還知道所填的兩個(gè)單詞的類別屬于 fuels —— 燃料。此時(shí),只要我們的詞匯過關(guān),知道燃料類的無非有coal, charcoal, wood, firewood, gases, petrol 等之類的詞匯,答案也就不難把握住了。

  類比關(guān)系詞:Cambridge 4 test 4 section 4

  36 Other places that have taken up shark meshing include

  A South Africa B New Zealand C Tahiti

  本題是選擇題,除了平時(shí)做填空題可以利用的關(guān)鍵詞,考點(diǎn)詞之外,還可以利用排除法。錄音中出現(xiàn)這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的地方很集中:‘The New Zealand authorities also looked at it, but considered meshing uneconomical —— as did Tahiti in the Pacific. At around the same time, South Africa introduced meshing to some of its most popular swimming beaches.’在聽到這句錄音的時(shí)候,聽懂的同學(xué)就不用多作解釋了,因?yàn)闀繬ew Zealand和Tahiti這兩個(gè)地方雖然有關(guān)注meshing, 但是都覺得不靠譜,很不實(shí)惠,所以,不可能是題目中所需要的take up meshing。就算不能完全聽明白,大家也不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B和C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是在同一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)的,并且中間有個(gè)類比關(guān)系詞as, 那也就是說New Zealand和Tahiti這兩個(gè)地方所做的事或所采取的態(tài)度是一致的??墒俏覀冾}目的答案只能有一個(gè),如果B可以,那么C也就可行了。說明答案不可能是B, C中的任何一個(gè),所以只能選A。

  因果與否定關(guān)系詞: Cambridge 4 test 1 section 3

  21. Melanie says she has not started the assignment because

  A she was doing work for another course

  B it was a really big assignment

  C she hasn’t spent time in the library.

  本題特別需要注意否定關(guān)系詞not和因果關(guān)系詞because. 不是考她開始作業(yè)的原因,而是不開始的原因;不是考她沒做作業(yè)的結(jié)果,而是考原因解釋。這里主要聽否定詞與原因表達(dá)句,且聽到的原因應(yīng)當(dāng)要與事件對得上號,其他的就不用理會太多了。

  否定關(guān)系詞:Cambridge 4 test 2 section 1

  Tourist attractions NOT open on Mondays: 7 ………………….. and Castle

  本題中重點(diǎn)注意否定詞 NOT open 還有之前我們提過的時(shí)間考點(diǎn)詞Monday 基本上答案就出來了。

  轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞:Cambridge 4 test 3 section 2

  13 How many circuses are there in the festival?

  A one B two C several

  本題在看題的時(shí)候,大家都知道它要的是數(shù)字,那么,在聽的時(shí)候,也還是需要注意排除干擾項(xiàng)。好比本題,錄音原文應(yīng)該是:‘I’m going to tell you about two circus performances, but there are plenty of others in the programme.’ 可是由于重音干擾的關(guān)系,不少同學(xué)只能聽到念得很重的two,而聽不到two后面的plenty of, 那么,如果大家平常養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣聽關(guān)系詞(信號詞)的話,只要聽到two和but兩個(gè)詞,答案自然就出來了,不是二,豈會是一?那只能選C了。