第一篇：有關(guān)匹茲堡經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的借鑒作用。這一段落出自伯南克的一篇文章，有一定修改，總體風(fēng)格比較平實(shí)，陌生經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)不多，只是某些句式有些拗口，譯不好會(huì)聽(tīng)起來(lái)比較別扭。

Para 1

The slowing of China’s economic growth has many causes. In my view, it is a healthy development, resulting from a necessary change in China's growth model. Since the beginning of China's growth miracle, a large part of the country's development has been directed from the center. This "top-down" approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure, and the promotion of exports. This growth model had its roots in central planning. but China also encourages its market liberalization and openness to international competition, thus making important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.? This strategy has been incredibly successful. the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago ?

參考答案：中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的放緩，有很多的原因，在我看來(lái)，這種發(fā)展是健康的，是由中國(guó)發(fā)展模式所進(jìn)行的必要調(diào)整造成的。 這個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展的奇跡的最初時(shí)刻，其發(fā)展主要來(lái)自于中央政府的指令。這種自上而下的發(fā)展方式主要集中于重工業(yè)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及推動(dòng)出口。這種發(fā)展方式植根于中央集權(quán)式的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)，但中國(guó)同時(shí)也鼓勵(lì)市場(chǎng)自由化并向國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)放。在生產(chǎn)力以及技術(shù)改造方面獲得了很大的進(jìn)展。這一戰(zhàn)略非常成功，目前中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體量已經(jīng)是十年前的兩倍半。

the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago。本句加一個(gè)名詞體量，就顯得比較平穩(wěn)。而相反，漢英翻譯時(shí)，體量一詞就完全可以省去。

important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.這句話出現(xiàn)了抽象接抽象的情況，處理時(shí)要想清楚三個(gè)抽象名詞之間的關(guān)系。

Para 2

However, the top-down strategy has its limits. The share of output going into manufacturing, infrastructure, and exports is too large to be sustained. And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption. Recognizing these limits, China is working to make the transition to a "bottom-up" growth model, focused on the development of services industries, that is, retail trade, health, education, finance, and transportation. Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.? That productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in manufacturing, this transition will involve slower economic growth.

參考答案： 但是這種由上而下的策略存在局限性。國(guó)民收入進(jìn)入基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和出口領(lǐng)域比例過(guò)大，因此不可持續(xù)。同時(shí)過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)資本投資和出口而忽視了消費(fèi)。中國(guó)政府意識(shí)到了這種局限性。正在努力進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)型，變?yōu)橐环N自下而上的發(fā)展模式。主要強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)也就是發(fā)展零售業(yè)、健康產(chǎn)業(yè)、教育、金融和交通業(yè)的發(fā)展。目前服務(wù)業(yè)占據(jù)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的大約一半，而美國(guó)的服務(wù)業(yè)占據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的五分之四。通常情況下，生產(chǎn)服務(wù)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展速度不如制造業(yè)發(fā)展得快，這種轉(zhuǎn)型會(huì)減慢經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度

exports is too large to be sustained.這是非常著名的太……而不能句，直譯聽(tīng)起來(lái)翻譯腔十足，實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有什么用，不如直接去掉。

And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption.這一there be加rather的用法，會(huì)讓譯者一瞬間產(chǎn)生非常別扭的譯文，實(shí)際上還是詞性轉(zhuǎn)換接斷句和增詞，這樣就可以產(chǎn)生順暢的譯文。

Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.這句話里的關(guān)鍵就在compare一詞可以合理省略，比較結(jié)構(gòu)處理的第一選擇應(yīng)該是如何不譯，而不是如何再現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)，相反，漢英當(dāng)中，如果能“無(wú)中生有”地出一個(gè)compared譯品的質(zhì)量就很高。

Para 3

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. The economy of Pittsburg was built on heavy industry, a model that eventually reached its limits. And heavy industry took a heavy toll on its environment. Pittsburg and other American industrial cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to these cities, the government and private sectors worked together to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, clean up the environment, and improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure. They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail.

參考答案：美國(guó)一些老工業(yè)城市比如匹茲堡，經(jīng)歷了重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型。他們的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌驗(yàn)橹袊?guó)提出有用的借鑒。匹茲堡的經(jīng)濟(jì)建立在重工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上，而這一發(fā)展模式最終遇到了瓶頸。重工業(yè)在環(huán)保方面付出了巨大的代價(jià)。匹茲堡及一些美國(guó)其他的工業(yè)城市，成功的重振了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)，主要靠得是由制造業(yè)向服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型。這些城市的政府和私人機(jī)構(gòu)共同合作，重新振興了市中心地區(qū)，發(fā)展，旅游景點(diǎn)以及會(huì)展業(yè)，清潔了環(huán)境，提升交通條件以及其他的基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)設(shè)施。因此它們吸引來(lái)了一些較為清潔的產(chǎn)業(yè)，比如醫(yī)藥、技術(shù)、金融和零售業(yè)。

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. 這個(gè)句子的難點(diǎn)在處理experience一詞，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中要能記住，而且要做到“引而不發(fā)”，先翻譯后面的事實(shí)，然后再說(shuō)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，考驗(yàn)的是譯者在長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)中調(diào)整句式的能力。

did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. 制造業(yè)向服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型。很自然地加上一個(gè)“業(yè)”字，整個(gè)句子就順了，英譯漢當(dāng)中使用范疇詞的技巧有助于表達(dá)自然而符合習(xí)慣。

They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors，對(duì)sector一詞泛譯為產(chǎn)業(yè)，實(shí)際上應(yīng)該是“產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)”，但在漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)上似乎區(qū)別不大，如果是漢譯英，很可能需要在校對(duì)時(shí)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

Para 4

Strengthening education was the key. It has the benefits like attracting and maintaining skilled workforces and setting up high tech companies.? Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities. Particularly the universities of Pittsburg which led efforts to build research facilities where old factories had once stood.The symbol of Pittsburgh’s transformation is that the form of U.S. Steel building at the downtown in Pittsburg, the headquarters of a steel is now the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, which is the largest employer in the whole region. How can China make a transition to a more services-oriented economy like Pittsburg has done? Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.? China can also enter into partnerships with foreign companies that can bring essential expertise in various fields.

參考答案：加強(qiáng)教育發(fā)展是重中之重，教育能夠帶來(lái)各種好處，包括吸引并留住一些熟練工人并建立起高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)。匹茲堡的重新發(fā)展得益于其是幾所大學(xué)的所在地。尤其是匹茲堡下大力量，在原先廠房的舊址上建立起了大學(xué)的研究機(jī)構(gòu)。這一轉(zhuǎn)變的標(biāo)志就是在城市的中心美國(guó)鋼鐵大廈，即一家鋼鐵公司的總部所在地，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為匹茲堡醫(yī)學(xué)中心，成為城市當(dāng)中用工最多的機(jī)構(gòu)。中國(guó)如何才能像匹茲堡一樣進(jìn)行這一服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型？關(guān)鍵步驟是減少重工業(yè)和出口補(bǔ)貼，同時(shí)深入改革，讓創(chuàng)立新公司變得更加容易。中國(guó)也可以通過(guò)與外國(guó)公司建立伙伴關(guān)系，在不同領(lǐng)域內(nèi)引進(jìn)專(zhuān)家人才。

Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities.這個(gè)句子里兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞help和host，在漢語(yǔ)當(dāng)中主語(yǔ)都應(yīng)該是人而非物，因此在翻譯時(shí)要有意識(shí)地調(diào)整，否則譯文會(huì)覺(jué)得非常生硬。從中也能看出英漢在動(dòng)詞使用方面的差異，及物，動(dòng)詞的范圍，主語(yǔ)的情況，都要考慮才能譯文流利。

Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.這類(lèi)掉尾句對(duì)聽(tīng)力要求較高，系動(dòng)詞離主語(yǔ)部分比較遠(yuǎn)，容易出現(xiàn)判斷失誤，無(wú)法完全理解，需要在日常訓(xùn)練中不斷自行練習(xí)。一個(gè)句子可以同時(shí)說(shuō)成松散和掉尾兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，說(shuō)上幾十個(gè)句子，自己也就習(xí)慣了。

Para 5

Reviving old American industrial cities like Pittsburg offers a useful lesson to China. which is the building a strong middle class: Middle-class households are the primary market for a wide range of services, from education to health care to retail to entertainment. For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities. In the case of China, to build the strong middle class, it needs to strengthen the social safety net, as this will give households the income security so that they can save less and spend more。 it also needs to reduce excessive government regulations and provides more consumer choices. A strong Chinese middle class will stimulate the development of new services industries and give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.

參考答案：像匹茲堡這樣的美國(guó)老工業(yè)城市的振興對(duì)中國(guó)是有用的一課就是要建立強(qiáng)大的中產(chǎn)階層。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭是一系列服務(wù)的主要市場(chǎng)，包括教育、健康保健、零售以及娛樂(lè)業(yè)。美國(guó)像匹茲堡這樣的城市，想要吸引中產(chǎn)階級(jí)消費(fèi)者，就需要提升公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和教育水平，降低罪犯率以及增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。談到中國(guó)，要想建立強(qiáng)大的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，就需要加強(qiáng)社保安全網(wǎng)，讓每個(gè)家庭對(duì)自己的收入感覺(jué)放心，這樣他們就會(huì)少存款，多花錢(qián)。同時(shí)還要減少政府的過(guò)度干預(yù)，為消費(fèi)者提供更多的選擇。一個(gè)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的中國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)階層將刺激新型服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展，令這種自下而上的方式有可能取得成功。

For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities.這個(gè)句子的中心動(dòng)詞為involve但只要這個(gè)詞一出現(xiàn)，譯文就會(huì)變得笨重不堪，因?yàn)楹竺娴馁e語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)得停不下來(lái)，參考譯文處理成一個(gè)帶假如的主從復(fù)合句，就變得輕松了許多。

give households the income security英語(yǔ)中可以直接用名詞修辭另一個(gè)抽象名詞，而這種說(shuō)法在漢語(yǔ)當(dāng)中并不清楚，往往要通過(guò)拆分和解釋的方法進(jìn)行處理，望文生義的譯法是行不通的。

give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.直譯為嘗試一下，但在這個(gè)上下文中沒(méi)必要多加一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，就譯成了有可能，這就是所謂譯文的靈活不拘一格。