【續(xù)前文】

二、Paraphrase實(shí)例分析

我們來看看paraphrase的幾種方式：詞的替換、詞序的替換、結(jié)構(gòu)的替換的具體表現(xiàn)。分析認(rèn)為，詞匯的替換是paraphrase的常見和主要手段，這既可以是用同義詞、近義詞來轉(zhuǎn)述，也有可能是反義詞的恰當(dāng)使用。后者同樣可以達(dá)到效果，有時(shí)候，甚至?xí)[蔽一些。我們先來看看一些同義、近義結(jié)構(gòu)的使用。

{經(jīng)典再現(xiàn)} 題目：Modern-day plastic preparations is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.

原文：On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.（劍5 Test 2）

解析 可以看到，本例中原文和題目之間進(jìn)行了大量的同近義詞的替換。題目用modern-day替換了原文的today；詞組is based on the same principles用來代替the essential features … are still in use。而其他的表達(dá)如preparation及patent則原封不動(dòng)照抄。這是一個(gè)很清楚的通過詞的替換判斷為正確的例子。

我們再來看看更多的例子。

{經(jīng)典再現(xiàn)} 題目：Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

原文：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.（劍4 Test 4）

解析 題目很短。但是我們幾乎把題目的每一個(gè)單詞都在原文中找到詞的替換。Modern official使用國際田聯(lián)（International Athletic Federation）來替換的，date from在原文中變成了since …, when the IAF began …，而最關(guān)鍵的是時(shí)間的替換。題目的1900看上去和文章中的the early years of twentieth century存在具體和含糊的差別，但題目中about一詞的恰當(dāng)使用，是得它與文章的the early years配合的天衣無縫。

詞的替換，也可以通過反義詞的使用來進(jìn)行。有時(shí)候，這意味著結(jié)構(gòu)上同時(shí)也要進(jìn)行替換。請看下例。

{經(jīng)典重現(xiàn)} Questions 1-4 （劍4 Test 2）

… This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4…… . Some speakers of endangered languages …

解析 在文章定位過程中，我們可以注意到programmes的表達(dá)，這樣就可以把題目和如下句子進(jìn)行匹配：In California, ‘a(chǎn)pprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘a(chǎn)pprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speaker s of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language。

但是，如果沒有注意到題目和文章一個(gè)用教“teach”，一個(gè)用學(xué)“l(fā)earn”，只是死板地帶著“找teach”同義詞替換的思路，就會(huì)陷進(jìn)牛角尖出不來。事實(shí)上，隨著反義詞的使用，文章和題目的對應(yīng)部分句子的局部結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了改變。因?yàn)閠each的人不是learn的人，被teach的人才是。所以該反義詞的替換使用過程正好伴隨著結(jié)構(gòu)上的替換。原來的賓語變成主語了。詞序在這個(gè)過程中也有了變化。