一、省略句的概說(shuō)

按照語(yǔ)法的分析,有時(shí)句子應(yīng)具備的成分出于修辭上的需要,會(huì)缺少一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所必要的語(yǔ)言成分,但在一定語(yǔ)境中可獨(dú)立存在,仍能表達(dá)其意義完整并發(fā)揮交流功能的句子則被稱為省略句。省略的結(jié)果不僅能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加精練,而且可起到連接上下文并使相鄰詞語(yǔ)達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。

英語(yǔ)省略句用詞簡(jiǎn)練,表意簡(jiǎn)練,往往收到一定的修飾效果。句中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確信息或前文已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的某些成分,為了避免不必要的重復(fù),也不會(huì)引起言語(yǔ)上的誤解,并可突出中心詞,從而使整文緊密連接的一種修辭手法,其語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象就是省略。舉個(gè)例子:Glad to see you. 這是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,主語(yǔ)I和謂語(yǔ)am可以省略。省略的形式從單詞、短語(yǔ)到分句等都可省略,而且各有其一定的銜接關(guān)系。

二、省略句分類(lèi):句中成分的省略

1. 主語(yǔ)的省略

Beg your pardon. (我)請(qǐng)你原諒。(Beg前省略了主語(yǔ)I)
Come on! 得了吧(你)?。–ome前省略了主語(yǔ)You)

2. 謂語(yǔ)的省略

John is a lawyer, his wife (is) a cleaner.
Some of us study Japanese, others (study) English.

3. 表語(yǔ)的省略

She was a lover of sports as she had been in her youth.(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)

4. 賓語(yǔ)的省略

Let's do the cases. I'll read and you'll type.(read和 type后面省略了賓語(yǔ)cases)

5. 定語(yǔ)的省略

I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.(the rest后面省略了定語(yǔ)of the money)

6. 狀語(yǔ)的省略

She wasn't cry. Strange! (Strange前面省略了狀語(yǔ)how)

7. 詞的省略

a) 名詞、冠詞、物主代詞或介詞如果與前文重復(fù)時(shí),可以省略,如:

I like red wine better than white (wine).
The lightning flashed and (the) thunder crashed.
Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants.
We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time.

b) 重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的形容詞,省略后邊的;兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上被形容詞修飾的同一名詞,前邊的則常被省略。

We are young boys and (young) girls.
There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting.

8. 英語(yǔ)中一些固定特殊的省略結(jié)構(gòu)

a) 在回答一般疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中,或回答用陳述句,祈使句表示要求、命令的簡(jiǎn)略回答中,常用Yes /No+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞,而省略主動(dòng)詞或其它成份,但助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和原句的助動(dòng)詞和時(shí)間概念須保持相應(yīng)的一致。

— Could I borrow your dictionary?
— Yes, of course you can.(句中 could表示委婉語(yǔ)氣,并不是過(guò)去式,因此答語(yǔ)用can,其后省略borrow my dictionary.)

— Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
— I won't.(祈使句原含有未來(lái)的意味,再加上有tomorrow的限制,因此答語(yǔ)用 won't,其后省略forget to go you're your birthday party tomorrow.)

b) 同時(shí)省掉句子幾個(gè)部分有時(shí)好幾個(gè)句子成分都被省掉,除了對(duì)疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)略回答外,也出現(xiàn)在反意疑問(wèn)句中。

You are a superman, aren't you (a superman) ?

c) 在以know, forget, remember等動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾的簡(jiǎn)答句后的子句通常也可省略,以避免重復(fù)。

— Who won the football match last night?
— Sorry, I don't know (who won the football match last night.)

d) 在以if, when, though, as, as if 等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中,如從句中主要?jiǎng)釉~是be, 可將主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be省掉。

He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.
The boy looked as if (he were) afraid of nothing.

e) so, nor/neither 用來(lái)表示“……也一樣”時(shí)的省略結(jié)構(gòu)

— I am a student.
— So am I (a student).
— We haven't been there.
— Neither (Nor) have we (been there).