卷一：唐朝

唐朝始于618年，終于907年，是中國歷史上最燦爛的時期。經(jīng)過三百年的發(fā)展，唐代中國成為世界上最繁榮的強(qiáng)國，其首都長安是世界上最大的都市。這一時期，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)，商業(yè)繁榮，社會秩序穩(wěn)定，甚至邊境也對外開放。隨著城市化的財富的增加，藝術(shù)和文學(xué)也繁榮起來。李白和杜甫是以作品簡潔自然而著稱的詩人。他們的詩歌打動了學(xué)者和普通人的心，即使在今天，他們的許多詩歌仍廣為兒童及成人閱讀背誦。

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這話段可以分為六個句子。

【第一句】唐朝始于618年，終于907年，是中國歷史上最燦爛的時期。

“始于”，“終于”，可能有些同學(xué)一下子反應(yīng)不出來，但是其實就是很簡單的start和end，在翻譯的過程中如果反應(yīng)不出來的話直接用“from … to”就可以了。燦爛也有很多表述，一個比較簡單的可以是glorious。

這句可以翻譯為：

The Tang Dynasty started in 618 and ended in 907. It was the most glorious time in Chinese history.

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【第二句】經(jīng)過三百年的發(fā)展，唐代中國成為世界上最繁榮的強(qiáng)國，其首都長安是世界上最大的都市。

這里的“經(jīng)過”，我們可以理解為“經(jīng)過……之后”，翻譯成after就好了。

繁榮prosperous，首都capital。

這個長句子可以用一個復(fù)合句來翻：

After developing for 300 years, Tang became the most prosperous country in the world.

當(dāng)然，我們也可以把它拆分成兩個簡單句。

The Tang Dynasty developed for 300 hundred years. It became the most prosperous country in the world.

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【第三句】這一時期，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)，商業(yè)繁榮，社會秩序穩(wěn)定，甚至邊境也對外開放。

這句話里的難詞比較多，我們一個一個來看。發(fā)達(dá)develop，繁榮prosper，社會秩序social order，穩(wěn)定stable，邊境borders

在句式上，因為涉及的主語比較多，我們可以分成幾個小短句來寫。

Economy developed. Commerce prospered. Social order was stable. Even the borders were open to other countries.

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【第四句】隨著城市化的財富的增加，藝術(shù)和文學(xué)也繁榮起來。

這句話的難詞是城市化urbanization，財富wealth，增加accumulation，這句話里的繁榮可以換一個同義詞，用thrive。

把這些詞都用上，這句話就可以翻成：

With the development of urbanization and the accumulation of wealth, art and literature also thrived.

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【第五句】李白和杜甫是以作品簡潔自然而著稱的詩人。

這句話里的“簡潔”是concise。它的難點在于如何處理“著稱”。

簡單的翻譯可以分成兩個簡單句：

Li Bai and Du Fu were famous poets. They were famous for their concise and natural works.

而如果把這兩個句子整合成一句話，就是：

Famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu were known for the concise and neat language in their works.

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【第六句】他們的詩歌打動了學(xué)者和普通人的心，即使在今天，他們的許多詩歌仍廣為兒童及成人閱讀背誦。

“打動某人的心”翻譯成touch someone’s heart這個詞組，其他幾個難的單詞是學(xué)者scholar，背誦recite。

這句話的翻譯就是：

Their poems touched the hearts of scholars and ordinary people. Even today, many children and adults are still reading and reciting their poems.

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全文翻譯：

基礎(chǔ)版：

The Tang Dynasty started in 618 and ended in 907. It was the most glorious time in Chinese history. After developing for 300 years, Tang became the most prosperous country in the world. Its capital, Chang’An, was the biggest city in the world. At this time, economy was developed. Commerce was prosperous. Social order was stable. Even the borders were open to other countries. With urbanization and growing wealth, art and literature also thrived. Li Bai and Du Fu were famous poets. They were famous for their concise and natural works. Their poems touched the hearts of scholars and ordinary people. Even today, many children and adults are still reading and reciting their poems.

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進(jìn)階版：

Initiated from AD 618 to AD 907, the Tang dynasty was regarded as the most glorious period of Chinese history. After developing for 300 years, China in Tang dynasty became the most prosperous country in the world, and its capital Chang’an the biggest metropolis. China in this period enjoyed a splendid era with overwhelmingly developed economy and commerce, and the social order also remained stable, even the borders were open to other countries. With the development of urbanization and the accumulation of wealth, art and literature also thrived. Famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu were known for the concise and neat language in their works. Their poems touched everyone, ranging from scholars to ordinary people. Even today, their poems are still being read and recited by both children and adults.

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卷二：宋朝

宋朝始于960年，一直延續(xù)到1279年。這一時期，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)大幅增長，成為世界上最先進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)蓬勃發(fā)展。宋代中國是世界歷史上首先發(fā)行紙幣的國家。宋朝還最早使用火藥并發(fā)明了活字（movable-type）印刷。人口增長迅速，越來越多的人住進(jìn)城市，那里有熱鬧的娛樂場所。社會生活多種多樣，人們聚集在一起觀看和交易珍貴藝術(shù)品。宋朝的政府體制在當(dāng)時也是先進(jìn)的。政府官員均通過競爭性考試選拔任用。

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本段文字介紹了古代中國的宋朝，整個段落分為了8個句子，我們來具體分析。

【第一句】宋朝始于960年，一直延續(xù)到1279年。

本句相對簡單，“始于”可以使用begin, start，詞匯積累更豐富的同學(xué)也可以選擇initiate。

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【第二句】這一時期，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)大幅增長，成為世界上最先進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)蓬勃發(fā)展。

本句較長，并且前半部分描述宋朝在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面取得的成績，后半部分描寫的是在科學(xué)技術(shù)等其他方面的發(fā)展，因此在翻譯時可以選擇拆分成兩句。

句子中“大幅增長”“蓬勃發(fā)展”可以用grow, increase, develop, boost + greatly,dramatically, rapidly, substantially。需要提醒的是，下文中遇到類似表達(dá)，盡量選擇不同的動詞，增加句子的多樣性?！敖?jīng)濟(jì)體”其實可以直接用“economy”表示；而先進(jìn)則可以選擇“advanced”、“l(fā)eading”等詞。

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【第三、四句】宋代中國是世界歷史上首先發(fā)行紙幣的國家。宋朝還最早使用火藥并發(fā)明了活字（movable-type）印刷。

可以注意到，三、四兩句都提到了宋朝在世界上“首先”（發(fā)行、使用、發(fā)明）某物。因此其實兩句話可以整合成一個句子，使得句子更緊湊。

出現(xiàn)的生詞有“紙幣”banknote, 火藥gunpowder

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【第五句】人口增長迅速，越來越多的人住進(jìn)城市，那里有熱鬧的娛樂場所。

本句出現(xiàn)的“增長迅速”表述與第二句“大幅增長”近似，不過盡量換一種表述哦~

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【第六句】

社會生活多種多樣，人們聚集在一起觀看和交易珍貴藝術(shù)品。

略

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【第七、八句】

宋朝的政府體制在當(dāng)時也是先進(jìn)的。政府官員均通過競爭性考試選拔任用。

“體制”其實就是“system”，選拔可以用“select”，“任用”一詞比較難“appoint”或“assign”，如果詞匯量稍微薄弱些的同學(xué)，也可以使用“position was given”的形式。

基礎(chǔ)版：The Song Dynasty started in 960, and continued until 1279. In this era, Chinese economy grew greatly, and became the largest economy in the word. Science, technology, philosophy and mathematics boomed. Song China was the first country to issue paper money in world history. The Song Dynasty was the first to use gunpowder and to invent movable-type printing. Population grew rapidly. More and more lived in cities. There were lively places for fun. There were many forms of social life. People got together to watch and trade valuable artifacts. The system of the government of the Song Dynasty was the most advanced in the world at that time. Government officials were chosen and employed through competitive exams.

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提高版：Initiated from AD 960 to AD 1279, the Song dynasty was an era when China’s economy boosted substantially to become the most advanced economy in the world. It’s also an era that both science and technology, philosophy and mathematics flourished. This dynasty also saw the first known use of banknote, gunpowder as well as the invention movable-type.

During the Song dynasty, the population of China grew quickly and more and more people surged in to cities, where settled bustling entertaining sites. The social life were abundant and varied, people gathered together to visit and trade valuable works of art.

The government system of Song dynasty that all the government officials were selected and appointed through completive tests, was also unrivalled in world at that time
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卷三：明朝

明朝統(tǒng)治中國276年，被人們描繪成人類歷史上治理有序、社會穩(wěn)定的最偉大的時代之一。這一時期，手工業(yè)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和城市化。大量商品，包括酒和絲綢，都在市場銷售。同時，還進(jìn)口許多外國商品，如時鐘和煙草。北京、南京、揚州、蘇州這樣的大商業(yè)中心相繼形成。也是在明代，由鄭和率領(lǐng)的船隊曾到印度洋進(jìn)行了七次大規(guī)模探險航行。還值得一提的是，中國文學(xué)的四大經(jīng)典名著中有三部寫于明朝。

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這篇短文共有七句話。

【第一句】明朝統(tǒng)治中國276年，被人們描繪成人類歷史上治理有序、社會穩(wěn)定的最偉大的時代之一。

統(tǒng)治rule，描繪depicted，治理有序organized，穩(wěn)定stable，時代era。這幾個詞略難，但是好在也有一些簡單詞可以替代。這句話是一個被動句，在翻譯的時候也可以簡單化，變成主動句。

簡單地翻譯出來：

The Ming Dynasty ruled China for 276 years. People say it was organized and stable. It was one of the greatest eras in human history.

而更高級的翻法是：

The Ming Dynasty, which had ruled China for 276 years, was depicted as the greatest era in human history because of its ordered and stable society.

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【第二句】這一時期，手工業(yè)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和城市化。

“手工業(yè)”這個詞在考前的押題課中有學(xué)過，是handicraft。市場經(jīng)濟(jì)market-oriented economy城市化urbanization，這是兩個個時事政策熱詞。

這句話可以翻譯為：

During this period of time, the development of handicraft industry promoted the market-oriented economy and urbanization.

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【第三句】大量商品，包括酒和絲綢，都在市場銷售。

“酒”可以翻譯為wine，但是它特指葡萄酒或者果酒，所以更準(zhǔn)確的翻譯應(yīng)該是alcohol，泛指各種酒精飲料。

這句話包含了一個被動的語態(tài)，“商品在市場被銷售”：

A large amount of goods, including silk and alcohol, were sold in markets.

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【第四句】同時，還進(jìn)口許多外國商品，如時鐘和煙草。

進(jìn)口import煙草tobacco

這句話的中文里沒有主語，我們可以在翻譯的時候加上一個it，當(dāng)然也可以翻譯成是一個被動句，“商品被進(jìn)口”。

簡單的主動句翻譯：

At the same time, it imported many foreign products, such as clocks and tobacco.

高級的被動句翻譯：

Meanwhile, a lot of foreign commodities like clocks and tobacco were imported.

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【第五句】

北京、南京、揚州、蘇州這樣的大商業(yè)中心相繼形成。

本句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，主要需要處理詞匯。

“商業(yè)中心”對應(yīng)的表達(dá)是“commercial center”，也可以寫成“business center”

“相繼形成”的英語表述為“continuously”,也可以簡化為“One after another”

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【第六句】

還值得一提的是，中國文學(xué)的四大經(jīng)典名著中有三部寫于明朝。

本句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較接單，“四大名著中的三部”可以用three of four…的結(jié)構(gòu)。

需要解決的詞匯有：

“值得一提”對應(yīng)的英語表述為“note worthy”，當(dāng)然也可以簡化為what’s more或者Besides

“四大經(jīng)典名著”是專有名詞，為“Four Great Classical Novels”,需要注意大寫，詞匯量相對薄弱的同學(xué)可以簡化為four famous novels of China.

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基礎(chǔ)版：Ming Dynasty ruled China for 276 years. People say it was organized and stable. It was one of the greatest eras in human history. At this period of time, the development of handicraft industry promoted the market-oriented economy and urbanization. Many products, including alcohol and silk, were sold in markets. At the same time, it imported many foreign products, such as clocks and tobacco. Commercial centers like Beijing, Nanjing, Yangzhou and Suzhou formed one after another. Zheng Healso led a fleet to the Indian Ocean for seven large adventures in Ming Dynasty. What’s more, three of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature were written in Ming Dynasty.

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提高版：The Ming Dynasty, which had ruled China for 276 years, was depicted as the greatest era in human history because of its ordered and stable society. During this period, the market economy and urbanization was stimulated by the development of handicraft industry. A large amount of goods, including silk and wine, was sold in markets. Meanwhile, a lot of foreign commodities like clocks and tobacco were imported. Mass commercial centers like Beijing, Nanjing, Yangzhou and Suzhou were also aroused continually during this era. It was also in the Ming Dynasty that China dispatched large fleets for 7 times, all led by Zhen He to the Indian Ocean for great adventure. It was also noteworthy that three of Four Great Classical Novels of China were written in the Ming Dynasty.