【雅思寫作】如何靈活運(yùn)用正式的書面語
二 被動(dòng)句式的使用
在比較正式的新聞、商務(wù)、法律等英語文體中,被動(dòng)句式因?yàn)槠涓怀隹陀^性的賓語或者事實(shí)被廣為使用。雅思的圖表分析和議論文都是比較正式的文體,所以建議考生也應(yīng)該注意多用被動(dòng)句式。尤其是在以下兩個(gè)方面:
1.主語不確定
Someone murdered the millionaire last night.→
The millionaire was murdered last night.
2. 主語是泛指很多人或者大部分人
To improve the air quality, we should reduce the use of private cars. →
To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced.
Most people think that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.→
It is widely believed that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.
被動(dòng)句的用法不僅體現(xiàn)在主句中,在從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語中都有可能用到,如:
It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to control the software piracy. →
It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to have the software piracy controlled.
I don’t expect that she returned. → She is not expected to have returned.
I am not sure whether the college graduates will find jobs in the financially difficult year. →
I am not sure whether the college graduates will get employed in the financially difficult year.
但是因?yàn)闈h語中本來是沒有被動(dòng)句式的,所以受漢化思維的影響很多考生不會(huì)想到這一點(diǎn)。這就要求我們對(duì)此要引起足夠的重視,并且在平時(shí)多加練習(xí)以培養(yǎng)對(duì)其敏感度。
三 名詞化
寫作中把原本用動(dòng)詞或者形容詞表達(dá)的地方換成名詞叫做名詞化(nominalization)。名詞化是為了避免太多動(dòng)詞造成的句法處理上的困難,同時(shí)也可以把某些陳述型的句式轉(zhuǎn)化成更客觀的評(píng)價(jià)句,更符合議論文的文體要求。如:
Our monitor didn’t come today.?? He has got a flu.
很明顯這兩個(gè)小句可以用因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞連成一句:Because our monitor has a flu, he didn’t come today.,但這個(gè)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句以及其它的狀語從句是考生們很常用的復(fù)合句,雖然看似比較復(fù)雜,其實(shí)仍然是某個(gè)人做主語。如果非謂語動(dòng)詞掌握得好,可能我們會(huì)想到用Having a flu, our monitor didn’t come today.如果我們把前后兩部分分別用一個(gè)概括性的名詞來替代,中間加上我們熟悉的表示因果關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞,這個(gè)句子就非常符合議論文的風(fēng)格:The flu caused the absence of our monitor today.或者The absence of our monitor is because of his illness.至少我們可以盡量將其中的一個(gè)小句變成名詞,減少某個(gè)人做主語的口語化句式的出現(xiàn)頻率。
雖然這種表達(dá)方法更為客觀,句式上更加簡(jiǎn)潔,但是用比較抽象的概括性詞匯來寫句子對(duì)于越來越趨于低齡化的考生來說的確是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。但是有一些單詞是我們?cè)趯懽髦袔缀醣仨氁玫降?,總結(jié)認(rèn)為考生在平時(shí)的備考中要準(zhǔn)備好以下幾個(gè)常見的名詞化:lack of(if there is no…), ignorance of (don’t know …), illiteracy in(can’t read…/ can’t use…), failure (didn’t do…)等。而且在具體的使用過程中可以結(jié)合介詞with使用,使得句法更加凝練。此外個(gè)別單詞也可以利用題目中的動(dòng)詞的名詞性后綴如: -tion,-ment, -isation, -ness, -ity等或者變成動(dòng)名詞形式-ing。如:
More younger generations celebrate the western festivals→the celebration of the western festivals by more younger generations
四 個(gè)別表達(dá)
在此提醒考生們,如more and more/ a lot等口語化的短語應(yīng)盡量避免,可以用increasing(ly),a large number of…/a great deal of…./swarms of…等代替。此外縮略形式也是正式的寫作中要避免的。
- 相關(guān)熱點(diǎn):
- 英語學(xué)習(xí)資料
- 英語聽力
- 出國留學(xué)
- 雅思寫作技巧
- 體驗(yàn)商務(wù)英語綜合教程第三冊(cè)