3.2 例證類表達(dá)的出現(xiàn)

例證類表達(dá)最讓我們熟悉的就是for example 和 for instance。從語(yǔ)篇功能來(lái)講,文中舉例就是為了證明和支持。這就意味著在閱讀中明確發(fā)現(xiàn)例證類表達(dá)的時(shí)候,其前位的句子一般意義上就是論點(diǎn)。如果特定段落有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的例證(如幾個(gè)平行例子)圍繞著同一點(diǎn)展開,則基本上可以判定該點(diǎn)即為段落的重心。即使不是TS,至少也是DS。因此,當(dāng)該論點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的位置并非1st時(shí),首句的重要性就降低了。

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.

One is the … .

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wild Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forest lost forever.’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.(劍5 Test 1)

應(yīng)該說(shuō),該段首句由于有Listing/Classification類表達(dá)引導(dǎo),從原則上講可以充當(dāng)該段的TS,但不夠明確。而后平行類表達(dá)also的出現(xiàn),是得需要被包含進(jìn)TS的內(nèi)容繼續(xù)增加。此事主題變得被“稀釋”了。由于for example的例證作用,該段在第三句有了一定程度的凝聚:環(huán)境團(tuán)體會(huì)有時(shí)overstate their arguments。這顯然更能夠跟前文所講的four factors明確的對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)。

3.3? 指代類表達(dá)的出現(xiàn)

除此之外,指代(reference)的使用也對(duì)于行文結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展有關(guān)系,而作為讀者,對(duì)于這種類型表達(dá)的敏感也往往可以揭示篇章和段落的內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系。一般來(lái)說(shuō),代詞的指代方向是往回的,所以當(dāng)段落的開頭出現(xiàn)指代類型表達(dá)的時(shí)候,包含指代用于的那個(gè)部分就類似中文所說(shuō)的“承接”,起到了把前后兩段聯(lián)系在一起的作用。這時(shí)候,包含該指代用詞的完整句子——尤其是指代類表達(dá)所直接限定的部分——就不再應(yīng)被視為本段的主題的所在,而更像是對(duì)前文的總結(jié)。對(duì)本段大意的明確表述則應(yīng)該從段落 其他部分來(lái)尋找。

In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’ (WHO, 1046). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms (TS).

不難發(fā)現(xiàn),首句(1st)中提到了physically and medically oriented view這樣的觀點(diǎn),但是代詞this“泄露了天機(jī)”:這其實(shí)是之前一段時(shí)期的看法,而非該段(1940s)的特征。由于接下去是作者使用了引語(yǔ)(quotes),也是支持性信息,用來(lái)說(shuō)明的。最后留下最后一句進(jìn)行概括(last – TS)。