你知道什么是地震嗎?(雙語(yǔ))
[全球地震分布區(qū), 1963年–1998年]?
滬江小D提醒:鼠標(biāo)懸停在顏色不同的單詞上或劃選單詞即可獲得詳細(xì)釋義
(also known as a quake, tremor, or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
(又稱(chēng)地動(dòng)、地振動(dòng))是地殼快速釋放能量過(guò)程中造成的振動(dòng),期間會(huì)產(chǎn)生地震波。
地震可由地震儀所測(cè)量,地震的震級(jí)是用作表示由震源釋放出來(lái)的能量,通常以“里氏地震規(guī)?!眮?lái)表示,地震震級(jí)為3級(jí)或以下的大都難以察覺(jué),7級(jí)及以上則會(huì)造成大面積的嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞;烈度則透過(guò)“修訂麥加利地震烈度表”來(lái)表示。(某地點(diǎn)的地震烈度是指地震引致該地點(diǎn)地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)的猛烈程度,是由震動(dòng)對(duì)個(gè)人、家具、房屋、地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等所產(chǎn)生的影響來(lái)斷定。)
在地球的表面,地震會(huì)使地面發(fā)生震動(dòng),有時(shí)則會(huì)發(fā)生地面移動(dòng)。震動(dòng)可能引發(fā)山泥傾瀉甚或火山活動(dòng)。如地震在海底發(fā)生,海床的移動(dòng)甚至?xí)l(fā)海嘯。
一般而言,地震一詞可指自然現(xiàn)象或人為破壞所造成的地震波。人為自然地形的破壞、大量氣體(尤其是沼氣)遷移或提取、水庫(kù)蓄水、采礦、油井注水、地下核試等;自然的火山活動(dòng)、大型山崩、地下空洞塌陷、大塊隕石墜落等均可引發(fā)地震。
考研詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
release:
vt. ①釋放、解放 The prisoner was released from jail when his sentence was up. 該囚犯刑滿釋放。
????②發(fā)表,發(fā)行 The new movie will be released next weekend. 新電影將于下周末發(fā)行。
n. 發(fā)表,發(fā)布 The release of the singer's new album is set on 9th of September. 這位歌手的新專(zhuān)輯定于9月9日發(fā)布。
magnitude:
n. ①大小,數(shù)量 I want to know the magnitude of this equipment before making room for it.在給這個(gè)設(shè)備騰出地方前,我想知道它的大小。
???②巨大,廣大 The flood caused a magnitude of the loss. 洪水造成了巨大的損失。
???③重要性,重要程度 I didn't realize the magnitude of this meeting and paid little attention to it. 我沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這次會(huì)議的重要性,一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有重視它。
intensity:
n. ①?gòu)?qiáng)烈,劇烈 There was a cold-blooded intensity in the general's stare. 將軍凝視的目光中透著極度的冷酷和無(wú)情。
???②強(qiáng)度 An earthquake of similar intensity shook another village 8 miles away. 距此地8英里的另外一個(gè)村子也發(fā)生了一次同樣強(qiáng)度的地震。
scale:
n. ①刻度,標(biāo)度 In America, temperature is measured on the Fahrenheit scale. 在美國(guó),溫度是用華氏刻度來(lái)衡量的。
???②天平,磅秤;比例尺 The packman empties the walnuts from the bag onto a weighing scale. 小販將袋中的胡桃全部倒出,放在磅秤上過(guò)秤。
???③規(guī)模 on a large scale 大規(guī)模地 // in scale 成比例,相稱(chēng) // out of scale 不成比例,不相稱(chēng)
???④音階 Maria expertly sang a coloratura scale. 瑪利亞花腔音唱得很熟練。
???⑤魚(yú)鱗 The fish is covered with colorful scales. 那種魚(yú)長(zhǎng)滿了彩色的鱗片。
v. (down)縮減,縮小
manifest:
vt. 表明,證明,顯示 The kids manifested dense interest in their studies. 孩子們對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)顯示出了濃厚的興趣。
a. 明白的,明了的 Kevin strove to make his ideas anifest to us. 凱文極力使我們明白他的想法。
displace:
vt.①移置,轉(zhuǎn)移 I displace a joint in my knee while running. 我跑步時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)脫臼了。
?? ②取代,置換 Many feared that radio would displace the newspaper industry. 許多人擔(dān)心廣播將會(huì)取代報(bào)業(yè)。
sufficient:
a. (for) 足夠的,充分的 Is $10 sufficient for your expense? 10美元夠你花的嗎?[考點(diǎn)]self-sufficient 自給自足
?????????????
occasional:
a. ①偶然的,非經(jīng)常地,特殊場(chǎng)合的 Jack only smokes an occasional cigar. 杰克只是偶爾才抽雪茄。
???②臨時(shí)的;不時(shí)的 They hired some occasional chauffeurs in their wedding. 他們?cè)诮Y(jié)婚時(shí)請(qǐng)了一些臨時(shí)司機(jī)。
describe:
v. 描述,形容 An eyewitness described the scene as the shooting took place. 一名目擊者描述了槍擊發(fā)生時(shí)的情景。
phenomenon:
n.[ena] 現(xiàn)象 Bankruptcy is a common phenomenon in an economic recession. 破產(chǎn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條期是一種常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象。
initial:
a. ①最初的,開(kāi)頭的 the initial stage 初級(jí)階段?
???②詞首的 The initial letter of the word Spain is S.“Spain”一詞的首字母是S。
n. 詞首大寫(xiě)字母 The clerk wrote his initials on the sales receipt. 業(yè)務(wù)員在銷(xiāo)售收據(jù)上簽上了自己名字的大寫(xiě)字母。
【附:中國(guó)地震烈度表】
1度:無(wú)感-僅儀器能記錄到;
2度:微有感-個(gè)特別敏感的人在完全靜止中有感;
3度:少有感-室內(nèi)少數(shù)人在靜止中有感,懸掛物輕微擺動(dòng);
4度:多有感-室內(nèi)大多數(shù)人,室外少數(shù)人有感,懸掛物擺動(dòng),不穩(wěn)器皿作響;
5度:驚醒-室外大多數(shù)人有感,家畜不寧,門(mén)窗作響,墻壁表面出現(xiàn)裂紋;
6度:驚慌-人站立不穩(wěn),家畜外逃,器皿翻落,簡(jiǎn)陋棚舍損壞,陡坎滑坡;
7度:房屋損壞-房屋輕微損壞,牌坊,煙囪損壞,地表出現(xiàn)裂縫及噴沙冒水;
8度:建筑物破壞-房屋多有損壞,少數(shù)破壞路基塌方,地下管道破裂;
9度:建筑物普遍破壞-房屋大多數(shù)破壞,少數(shù)傾倒,牌坊,煙囪等崩塌,鐵軌彎曲;
10度:建筑物普遍摧毀-房屋傾倒,道路毀壞,山石大量崩塌,水面大浪撲岸;
11度:毀滅-房屋大量倒塌,路基堤岸大段崩毀,地表產(chǎn)生很大變化;
12度:山川易景-一切建筑物普遍毀壞,地形劇烈變化動(dòng)植物遭毀滅;
例如,1976年唐山地震,震級(jí)為7.8級(jí),震中烈度為十一度;受唐山地震的影響,天津市地震烈度為八度,北京市烈度為六度,再遠(yuǎn)到石家莊、太原等就只有四至五度了。
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