Hints Case law In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "common law" are often used synonymously, with the term "common law" in this usage connoting judge made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. "Case law" always connotes judge made law, while "common law" in contrast-- depending on the meaning intended--describes either the judge made law in common law subject matters or, more extensively, all judge made law. 普通法與判例法的混用，經(jīng)常被用著同義詞——是指“法官定法”，與成文法相對(duì)的概念。判例法總是指法官定法，而普通法相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，可以指普通法問(wèn)題上法官制定的法律，也可以在更廣泛范圍內(nèi)指所有法官制定的法律，這取決于使用者的用意。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. 通過(guò)司法接受和明確的成文法條款，普通法、衡平法成為美國(guó)法律的一部分。今天，當(dāng)普通法和衡平法在很多美國(guó)司法管轄區(qū)域已經(jīng)合并（從1848年紐約開始）。結(jié)果是在美國(guó)司法管轄區(qū)域和聯(lián)邦實(shí)踐中只有一套民事訴訟形式，只有極少州繼續(xù)保留大法官法庭。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

Hints United States Old World The United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self-government of any nation. 美國(guó)是一個(gè)即年輕又古老的國(guó)家,一個(gè)與很多國(guó)家相比很年輕的國(guó)家.同時(shí),它因新人口的成份和新州的加入而持續(xù)更新,在此意義上,它也是新國(guó)家.但另一方面它是最古老的年輕國(guó)家——第一個(gè)從舊大陸殖民中脫胎而生的國(guó)家，它有最古老的成文法規(guī)、最古老的持續(xù)的聯(lián)邦體系、最古老的自治政府慣例。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

volumes of legal cases. 美國(guó)歷史不僅復(fù)雜而且繁多。它不僅包括殖民時(shí)代的記載和國(guó)家從1776年開始的記載，而且包括當(dāng)前50個(gè)州和各州與聯(lián)邦之間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜關(guān)系的記載。一個(gè)非常明顯的例子，聯(lián)邦最高法院判例匯編有350冊(cè)以上，州法院判例匯編幾乎同樣多。想要探索美國(guó)法律歷史的人面對(duì)的是5000多巨冊(cè)的法律案例。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

本期難度較大 Hints Court of Chancery In the 15th century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary - Court of Chancery - which competed with the ordinary common law courts. Its rules and maxims became fixed and, to a degree, inflexible as in any legal system. Special characteristics of equity law include: relief in the form of specific performance, in contrast to the common law award of compensatory damages, the injunction a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act, the development of so called maxims of equity law which permeated the entire legal system and in many cases explain the origin of modern legal concepts. 15世紀(jì)，衡平法和衡平判例法發(fā)民成獨(dú)立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭）。大法官法庭與普通法庭并列存在。衡平法的規(guī)則和原則漸漸確定，與任何法律制度一樣具有一定程度上的固定性。衡平法特殊特證包括：特殊履行的救濟(jì)方式（與普通法獲得補(bǔ)償性損害賠償金對(duì)比來(lái)說(shuō)），形成所謂的衡平法準(zhǔn)則，它浸透到整個(gè)法律體系和很多最初的現(xiàn)代法律概念的案例解釋中。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law. （在1227年）如果有法院令狀，訴訟請(qǐng)求就會(huì)被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。沒(méi)有法院令狀的訴訟請(qǐng)求就沒(méi)有追索權(quán)，因而該訴訟請(qǐng)求就不存在。這一制度在（1258年）“牛津條例”禁止新令狀的產(chǎn)生以后變得固定下來(lái)。除非“本案令狀”被允許靈活性以外，后者后來(lái)發(fā)展成為合同與侵權(quán)法。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

by the King, and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases. 訴訟形式的限制以及其提供的有限追索權(quán)導(dǎo)致衡平法和衡平判例法的產(chǎn)生。衡平法，用普遍的意思就是“行為公平”，決定公平且善良。首先由國(guó)王，以后由作為“國(guó)王良知守護(hù)人”的大法官作出，以便對(duì)難以解決的案例提供救濟(jì)。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

Hints American English The American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system. Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law therefore is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology. 美國(guó)法律體系,像英國(guó)一樣,從方法論上講主要是判例法體系.私法的大多數(shù)領(lǐng)域主要包括判例法，以及廣泛的不斷增加的成文法。這些成文法繼續(xù)通過(guò)判例法受制于有約束力的法律解釋。對(duì)美國(guó)法律和法學(xué)方法論的理解，判例法知識(shí)和從事判例法工作的技巧是同等重要。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

Hints States Only few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. Nevertheless, the reference to the historical development is important because, on the one hand, it explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts (for instance the division of title in the law of property) and, on the other hand, it is still relevant for the decision of such questions whether, for instance, there is a right to a trial by jury (only in the case of common law suits, in other cases only before the judge). 不過(guò)，參考?xì)v史發(fā)展非常重要，因?yàn)橐环矫妫忉屃撕芏喈?dāng)代的法律概念的意義和起源（例如財(cái)產(chǎn)法上所有權(quán)的分割）。另一方面，與很多問(wèn)題的判決有很大關(guān)系。例如：陪審團(tuán)的審判權(quán)（只有在普通法訴訟案中有，在另外案里只有在法官之前有。） 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

Hints Common Law Roman law The Common Law is historically the common general law -- with supremacy over local law--which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of "actions" similar to that of classical Roman law. 普通法在歷史上是普通綜合法，由英國(guó)皇家法院的巡回法官作出的，地位高于地方法。某項(xiàng)訴訟請(qǐng)求的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行是以法院令狀這以特殊訴訟形式存在為前提的，而這就是最初普通法表現(xiàn)的“訴訟行為”構(gòu)成的體系，類似于古羅馬法。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>