三．對(duì)比論證

對(duì)比論證的方法，主要適用于考題中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)對(duì)象比較的情況。從操作性上看，對(duì)比論證較為方便。論證對(duì)比的角度，只需從考題中的兩個(gè)對(duì)象入手即可。

1. 常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式

① 關(guān)聯(lián)詞

In contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, just as, similarly

② 句型

Compared with …, …

While/whereas…, …

③ 形容詞的比較級(jí)

在不同的考題中，如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)對(duì)象的比較，一般在對(duì)比論證中都會(huì)有一些形容詞的比較級(jí)出現(xiàn)?？忌鷳?yīng)根據(jù)不同的話題選擇不同的詞匯。

2. 范例評(píng)析

劍橋雅思考試全真試題8 Test 2

題目：Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

考官范文選段：

However, learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school, children will experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society. This experience should teach them how to cooperate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.

點(diǎn)評(píng)：這道題的主題為“孩子社會(huì)意識(shí)的教育與培養(yǎng)是靠家庭還是靠學(xué)?！??？脊僭谡撟C學(xué)校的教育義務(wù)時(shí)，著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了：相比較家庭，“teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home”。學(xué)校中的老師和同學(xué)對(duì)孩子社會(huì)意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)有相同的影響力。而且，在學(xué)校相比較在家，“experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society”。孩子接觸的世界更大，人的類型更多。正所謂，公正合理兩方面，對(duì)比論證出真知。

四．引用論證

引用論證，是最為考驗(yàn)考生知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的一種論證方法。引用論證，一般引用名人名言﹑權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)，研究成果﹑學(xué)術(shù)刊物，它能夠增加論證的可信度和權(quán)威性。

但是，這種論證方法最容易被考生誤用或?yàn)E用，很多考生沒(méi)有知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備就自己捏造一些名言或數(shù)據(jù)。最夸張的是有時(shí)所謂“名言”卻出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，所謂“權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)”卻不合情理甚至荒謬。

因此，建議考生們?cè)趥淇紩r(shí)適當(dāng)準(zhǔn)備幾句名言警句，如果能在考試中用上最好，如果不能那就使用前面介紹的幾種論證方法。但是，對(duì)于知識(shí)面較廣，語(yǔ)言水平較高的考生，完全可以使用引用論證，這樣不僅能增強(qiáng)論證的權(quán)威感也能展現(xiàn)自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

1. 常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式

According to a recent study, according to a recent article published in …, according to a recent survey conducted by…,?

A recent study/survey found that…

A recent opinion poll revealed that …?

2. 范例評(píng)析

劍橋雅思考試全真試題5 Test4

題目: Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consider to be the major influence?

考官范文選段：

Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual’s life.

點(diǎn)評(píng)：這道題的主題是“先天還是后天決定人的性格和發(fā)展”，考官的這段論證主要是證明先天的影響更大些，引用了一個(gè)有關(guān)雙胞胎的研究。對(duì)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的引用使得第一句的論點(diǎn)沒(méi)有那么蒼白無(wú)力。但是，通過(guò)翻看劍橋系列叢書，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)引用論證在考官的范文中的使用可以用“基本罕見(jiàn)”來(lái)形容。正所謂，引用論證用得少，粗制濫造沒(méi)必要。

五．總結(jié)論證

實(shí)際上，總結(jié)論證是解決論證過(guò)程中“無(wú)話可說(shuō)”的應(yīng)急策略。它的位置一定是放在正文段的最后一句，總結(jié)整個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容。雖然這種方法有一定作用，但并不建議考生多用，一篇文章用一次就足以了，用多了就會(huì)產(chǎn)生湊字?jǐn)?shù)的嫌疑。

1. 常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式

It can be concluded that …

It is little wondering that…

There is no exaggeration that …

It is logical to conclude that …

It is no exaggeration to say that …

2. 范例評(píng)析

劍橋雅思考試全真試題6 Test B

題目: Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree?

考官范文選段:

In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied. Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today. Therefore, it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.

點(diǎn)評(píng)：這道考題要求考生對(duì)“孩子每天使用電腦是否利大于弊”展開(kāi)討論?？脊僭谥赋鍪褂秒娔X能夠幫助孩子了解更多知識(shí)，適應(yīng)未來(lái)成人社會(huì)的生活后，在最后一句把前文的話換了種句型又說(shuō)了一遍?！癟herefore, it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.” 由此可見(jiàn)，即使是考官在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)或總結(jié)的時(shí)候，也會(huì)對(duì)段落小結(jié)一下。正所謂，總結(jié)論證放心用，應(yīng)急時(shí)候是幫手。

綜上所述，議論文的五種論證方法各有千秋。要想正確使用，就必須對(duì)各種論證方法的作用、適用范圍、使用方法熟練掌握。在掌握論證方法后，再著手潤(rùn)色語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)，長(zhǎng)此以往，堅(jiān)持不懈，寫作高分指日可待！