2011考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之過(guò)去分詞與形容詞的差別
考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)
過(guò)去分詞與形容詞的語(yǔ)義差:
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來(lái)區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。
1.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
?。?)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作;而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)
?。?)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開(kāi)車(chē)令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
?。?)不定式做主語(yǔ),一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ),把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)
1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作,特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干。
2)如果主語(yǔ)是不定式(表示條件),表語(yǔ)也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。
3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買(mǎi)一輛豪華轎車(chē)。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
?。?)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛(ài)好是集郵。
?。ㄗⅲ﹦?dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異,進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。
People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
?。?)分詞作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ),這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)??嫉降牡胤?。一般來(lái)說(shuō),表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite,interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”,“高興”,而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話(huà)說(shuō),若人對(duì)……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in.。.,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有:
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿(mǎn)意的---satisfied感到滿(mǎn)意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。
3.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語(yǔ),但有些動(dòng)詞要求:
?。?)不定式做賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin開(kāi)始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問(wèn) dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love愛(ài)
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請(qǐng)求 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃
bother擾亂;煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡,寧愿
care關(guān)心,喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) regret抱歉,遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾,允許
start開(kāi)始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) vow起
contrive設(shè)法,圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找,尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ):動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式
ask要求,邀請(qǐng) get請(qǐng),得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡,寧愿
announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使
bride 收買(mǎi) inspire鼓舞 request請(qǐng)求
assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定,表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡,勉勵(lì) pray請(qǐng)求
authorize授權(quán),委托 help幫助 recommend勸告,推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請(qǐng)求 induce引誘 report報(bào)告
compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引,邀請(qǐng), summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要,企圖 show 顯示
drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲,打算 train訓(xùn)練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應(yīng)受 leave使,讓 tell告訴
direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵(lì),力說(shuō)
encourage鼓勵(lì) oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責(zé),譴責(zé) lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
(2)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
acknowledge承認(rèn),自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說(shuō)到,講到
admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭
advocate:提倡,主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有,喜愛(ài)
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避
can’t stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛(ài)好
favor 造成,偏愛(ài) mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪,計(jì)算 miss錯(cuò)過(guò) resent怨恨
finish完成,結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒,饒恕 resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù)
imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲,延期 risk冒險(xiǎn)
involve卷入,包含 practise 實(shí)行,實(shí)踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營(yíng)救,儲(chǔ)蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅(jiān)持,忍受
loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
?。?)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾
regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建議(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
?。ㄗⅲ┤绻@些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞,其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式,不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例如:
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義;+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過(guò)我的想法。(已講過(guò))
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way.讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來(lái)做這工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我沒(méi)想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。