A)?are?sometimes?ill-conceived?????B)?can?lead?to?dangerous?results
??????C)?go?beyond?available?facts??????D)?require?effort?to?formulate
?14.?What?is?a?major?function?of?hypotheses?as?implied?in?the?last?paragraph7
??????A)?Sifting?through?known?facts.
??????B)?Communicating?a?scientist’s?thoughts?to?others.
??????C)?Providing?direction?for?scientific?research.
??????D)?Linking?together?different?theories.
?15.?Which?of?the?following?statements?is?supported?by?the?passage?
??????A)?Theories?are?simply?imaginary?models?of?past?events.
??????B)?It?is?better?to?revise?a?hypothesis?than?to?reject?it.
??????C)?A?scientist’s?most?difficult?task?is?testing?hypotheses.
??????D)?A?good?scientist?needs?to?be?creative.
?????B)?Education?systems?need?to?be?radically?reformed.
?????C)?Going?to?school?is?only?part?of?how?people?become?educated.
?????D)?Education?involves?many?years?of?professional?training.
20.?The?passage?is?organized?by?___
?????A)?listing?and?discussing?several?educational?problems
?????B)?contrasting?the?meanings?of?two?related?concepts
?????C)?narrating?a?story?about?excellent?teachers
?????D)?giving?examples?of?different?kinds?of?schools
?
Passage?5
??????The?phrase?"civil?disobedience"?is?usually?attributed?to?the?nineteenth-century?American?philosopher?Henry?David?Thoreau.?Although?the?concept?is?unquestionably?much?older?(its?roots
lie?in?ancient?Greek?philosophy),?the?designation?is?nonetheless?telling:?people?tend?to?credit?Thoreau,?an?American,?with?the?idea?because?civil?disobedience,?is?a?hallmark?of?American?eth-?ics?and?politics.?The?clash?between?the?dictates?of?individual?conscience?on?one?hand,?and?the?imperatives?of?civil?law?on?the?other,?forms?much?of?this?country’s?history.?Examples?range?from??the?incidents?leading?up?to?the?Revolution?through?the?many?social?protests?of?the?1960’S.
???????What?constitutes?an?act?of?civil?disobedience??First,?an?act?of?civil?disobedience?requires?a??formal?legal?structure?that?is?enforced?by?the?government.?Second,?it?requires?as?its?target?a??specific?law?or?policy,?rather?than?the?entire?legal?system.?This?is?true?even?if?the?protester’s?ul-?timate?goal?is?to?alter?radically?the?legal?system;?an?act?of?civil?disobedience?must?be?directed??against?one?concrete?example?of?that?system’s?inequities.?The?American?civil?rights?movement,??for?example,?first?targeted?discrimination?on?public?transportation,?then?used?its?victories?as?a??springboard?to?address?other?injustices.?Third,?the?act?must?be?done?publicly,?because?the?ef-?fectiveness?of?such?a?protest?depends?on?its?ability?to?mobilize?public?sentiment?against?the?protest’s?target.?Finally,?those?protesting?must?understand?the?penalties?their?acts?entail--us-ually?jailing--and?be?willing?to?accept?those?penalties.?This?last?requirement?strengthens?the?act’s?effect?on?public?opinion,?since?it?serves?to?underscore?the?injustice?of?the?protest’s?target.