一、動? 詞
  動詞及短語動詞是博士生入學英語考試詞匯部分的一個重要測試項目。該項目對考生的測試點包括:1)動詞的認知能力和辨別能力;2)動詞用法的掌握程度;3)動詞搭配關系的熟練程度。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計在碩士研究生入學考試5500個詞匯中,大約有五分之一是動詞及動詞詞組。因此,掌握好這批詞匯直接關系到能否通過博士生入學英語詞匯部分的考試。
  在動詞部分中,考生首先應該具備較好的認知能力,即遇見一個動詞后,能夠較快地確定它的前兩個或前三個詞義。如:evolve? v.,第一個詞義是“使發(fā)展”,第二個詞義是“使進化”,第三個詞義是“推論”。在考試中,檢查考生這一能力的題是比較多的;考生應該能夠根據(jù)上下文確定動詞的有關詞義。在具備認知能力的基礎上,考生還需掌握這些詞匯的基本用法。如:forbid? v. 后面不能用to smoke,只能用動詞+ing的形式,即smoking;Occur? v. (發(fā)生),只能用于主動語態(tài),不能以被動的形式出現(xiàn)。最后,還要熟悉動詞的基本搭配關系。如:concentrate和associate兩個動詞,其后面的介詞一般只能是on和with。以下是按照上面三種情況出現(xiàn)的詞匯題:
  1. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.
  A. ticked away??
  B. gone out?????
  C. broken off????
  D. rung up
  2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.
  A. supplies???
  B. specifies??????
  C. presents???
  D. withhold
  3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.
  A. decide????
  B. refrain???
  C. surpass???
  D. delay
  第一句表示“外交關系終止”需用動詞詞組“break off"。
  第二句中的 "provide",第一個詞義是“提供”或“供應”,第二個詞義是“規(guī)定”。四個選擇項中,“specify” 含有“規(guī)定”的意思,因此B是正確答案。第三句中只有“delay”一詞的后面可以采用動名詞,所以應該選擇D。
  考生在平時復習時,可以有意識地按照以上三點記憶動詞和短語動詞。在準備動詞詞匯部分時,考生還需注意以下幾點。
  1. 不規(guī)則動詞的詞形變化: 有一定數(shù)量的動詞,其過去式和過去分詞與原形不同。這部分詞匯在測試中起到較強的干擾作用。在5500詞匯中類似動詞較多,以下僅舉部分例子:
  動詞原形???? 過去式????? 過去分詞
  bear忍受????? bore?????? borne,born
  bend彎曲????? bent????????? bent
  bid 表示?? bade, bid????? bidden bid
  breed 繁殖???? bred????????? bred
  abide 遵守abode,abided? abode,abided
  arise 升起??? arose????????? arisen
  awake喚醒? awoke???? woke, awaken
  fling? 扔,拋 flung????????? flung
  forbid禁止 forbade,? forbad forbidden
  freeze 結冰? froze??????? frozen
  shred 撕碎shredded, shred
  shredded,shred
  cast 投,擲? cast??????? cast
  creep 爬???? crept??????? crept
  dwell 留居dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled
  2. 動詞詞形相近,詞義不同: 有些動詞在詞形上相似,但其詞義是不同的。考生在平時復習時,需注意對它們的辨別。例:
  compliment vt. 贊美
  He is complimented for his fine work.
  complement vt. 補充
  They need to complement the factory with more workers.
  adapt vt. 使適應
  We have to adapt our thinking to the new circumstances.
  adopt vt. 采用
  They have adopted close planting.
  類似的動詞還有:
  inquire vt.? 打聽,詢問????
  require vt. 要求,命令
  compel vt. 強迫,迫使屈從
  impel vt.? 促成,推動
  compress vt.? 擠壓??????
  comprise vt.?? 包括??????
  confirm v. 證實
  conform v. 符合
  affect vt.影響???????
  effect vt. 產(chǎn)生,引起
  award vt.? 授予!給予
  reward vt. 獎賞,報答
  ensure vt. 保證,擔保??????
  insure vt. 給……保險
  rescue vt. 援救, 營救????
  secure vt. 保護,使……安全
  extinguish vt. 熄滅???????
  distinguish vt. 區(qū)別,辨別????
  wander vt. 漫游
  wonder vt. 驚嘆
  contract vt. 締結,訂約????
  contact vt. 使接觸
  respect vt. 尊重
  suspect vt. 猜想
  類似的形近義不同的動詞還有一些,注意了它們之間的詞義差別,也有利于我們對這些動詞的記憶與辨認。
  3. 動詞詞義相近,用法不同
  consist vt. 一般用于主動態(tài)
  This class consists of forty students.
  compose vt. 常用于被動語
  This country is composed of ten nations.
  insist v.后面需用介詞on。
  He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow.
  persist v.后面需用介詞in。
  He persisted in working on this experiment.
  arrive vi.后面需采用at, in, on等介詞。He arrived in Bejing yesterday.
  reach vt.及物動詞,直接跟賓語
  They reached the village yesterday.
  4. 動詞后需用動名詞: 有一批動詞的后面只能使用動名詞。在詞匯考試部分中,有時要求考生能夠正確判斷動詞的這一用法。這類常見動詞有:
  anticipate? avoid? delay? envy? escape? miss mind risk band enjoy complete? imagine? consider? deny? practice? acknowledge appreciate favor??? facilitate? postpone? quit?? resent?? resume? include?
  favor?
  deny
  例:He will consider giving us a chance to do the experiment.
  resume
  permit
  5.動詞后需用不定式: 英語動詞中,還有一些動詞的后面只能使用不定式。這類常見動詞有:
  claim arrange? demand? determine? expect? intend? pretend? promise? afford refuse? decide? seek? agree? care? learn? manage? presume? desire?? consent? prepare? resolve? undertake
consented
  decided
  例:She refused to offer her help.
  agreed
  intended
  6. 動詞后可用動名詞或不定式: 還有一些動詞的后面即可以使用動名詞,也可以使用不定式。常見這類動詞有:
  continue?? dislike?? prefer?? begin? like?? propose? remember? deserve??? regret??? intend??? neglect??? attempt? forget
  7. 動詞固定搭配: 動詞的固定搭配是英語測試中的一個很重要的項目。動詞的搭配關系主要反映在動詞與介詞、動詞與名詞的關系上。下面分組做一簡單的介紹:
  1)動詞與介詞的搭配:
  call for 要求,需要?? call off取消,放棄
  carry off 奪取,奪去 come by得到,獲得
  come up to達到,符合cut down削減,降低
  break down損害,分解
  break off終止,中斷
  break out逃出,爆發(fā)
  break through突破,突圍
  bring about 產(chǎn)生,引起
  bring forward??? 提出,提議
  drop off 減弱, 減少
  drop out退出, 離隊
  get over克服???????? give away泄漏
  get across使人了解??? get at夠得著
  2)動詞與名詞的搭配
  arrive at a conclusion? 得出結論?
  take in to consideration考慮到
  commit a crime 犯罪???????
  make a decision 決定
  reach an agreement達成協(xié)議????
  break one's promise 違約
  take action? 采取行動????
  keep balance 保持平衡
  catch one's breath? 喘氣?????
  accept a challenge? 應戰(zhàn)
  take a risk 承擔風險????
  keep sb. company 陪伴某人
  keep one's head 保持鎮(zhèn)定????
  lose heart 失去勇氣
  take shape 成型,形成??
  resist temptation?? 抵制誘惑
  3)動詞與名詞和介詞的搭配
  have control over 對……控制
  attach importance to 重視
  hold an inquiry into sth. 某事進行調查
  gain an advantage over? 勝過,優(yōu)于
  make the acquaintance of sb. 結識某人
  make an apology to sb.? 向某人道歉
  make comments on sth. 評論某事
  lose contact with 與……失去聯(lián)系
  express sympathy for? 對某人表示慰問