過去分詞與形容詞的語義差：
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements　
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虛擬語氣
非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。
1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別　
(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)　
(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗?！?br>不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的?！?br>Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)　
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)　
（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。　
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.　
2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別　
(1)不定式作表語　
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。　
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做?！?br>What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干?！?br>2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）?！?br>To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。　
To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活?！?br>3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用?！?br>His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車?！?br>The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.　
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．　
(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。　
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)?！?br>His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。
(注)動名詞作表語時與進(jìn)行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況?！?br>People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.　
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．　
(3)分詞作表語　
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：　
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的　
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的　
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的　
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的　
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的　
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的　
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的　
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的　
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的　
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的　
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞?！?br>The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的?！?br>The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服?！?br>They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動?！?br>3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別　
英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：　
(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語　
1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語　
attempt企圖　enable能夠　neglect忽視　
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起　demand要求　long渴望　
arrange安排　destine注定　mean意欲，打算　
begin開始　expect期望　omit忽略，漏　
appear似乎，顯得　determine決定　manage設(shè)法　
cease停止　hate憎恨，厭惡　pretend假裝　
ask問　dread害怕　need需要　
agree同意　desire愿望　love愛　
swear宣誓　volunteer志愿　wish希望
bear承受　endeavor努力　offer提供　
beg請求　fail不能　plan計劃　
bother擾亂；煩惱　forget忘記　prefer喜歡，寧愿　
care關(guān)心，喜歡　happen碰巧　prepare準(zhǔn)備　
decide決定　learn學(xué)習(xí)　regret抱歉，遺憾　
choose選擇　hesitate猶豫　profess表明　
claim要求　hope希望　promise承諾，允許　
start開始　undertake承接　want想要　
consent同意，贊同　intend想要　refuse拒絕　
decide決定　learn學(xué)習(xí)　vow起　
contrive設(shè)法，圖謀　incline有…傾向　propose提議　
seek找，尋覓　try試圖　
2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式　
ask要求，邀請　get請，得到　prompt促使　
allow允許　forbid禁止　prefer喜歡，寧愿　
announce宣布　force強(qiáng)迫　press迫使　
bride 收買　inspire鼓舞　request請求　
assist協(xié)助　hate憎惡　pronounce斷定，表示　
advise勸告　exhort告誡，勉勵　pray請求　
authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助　recommend勸告，推薦　
bear容忍　implore懇求　remind提醒　
beg請求　induce引誘　report報告
compel強(qiáng)迫　invite吸引，邀請，　summon傳喚　
command命令　intend想要，企圖　show　顯示　
drive驅(qū)趕　mean意欲，打算　train訓(xùn)練　
cause引起　instruct指示　require要求　
deserve應(yīng)受　leave使，讓　tell告訴　
direct指導(dǎo)　like喜歡　tempt勸誘　
entitle有資格　order命令　warn告誡　
enable使能夠　need需要　urge激勵，力說　
encourage鼓勵　oblige不得不　want想要　
condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé)　lead引起，使得　teach教　
entreat懇求　permit允許　wish希望　
(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語　
acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn)　cease 停止　mention說到，講到　
admit 承認(rèn)　tolerate忍受　dislike不喜歡，討厭　
advocate：提倡，主張　complete完成　dread可怕　
appreciate 感激，欣賞　confess坦白　endure忍受　
avoid避免　contemplate細(xì)想　enjoy享有，喜愛　
bear忍受　defer拖延　envy嫉妒　
can’t help不禁　delay延遲　escape逃跑，逃避　
can’t stand受不了　deny否認(rèn)　excuse借口　
consider 考慮　detest嫌惡　fancy幻想，愛好　
favor 造成，偏愛　mind 介意　repent悔悟　
figure描繪，計算　miss錯過　resent怨恨　
finish完成，結(jié)束不得　pardon原諒，饒恕　resist抵抗，阻止　
forgive原諒　permit 允許　resume恢復(fù)　
imagine設(shè)想　postpone延遲，延期　risk冒險
involve卷入，包含　practise 實行，實踐　suggest建議　
hate討厭　prevent阻止　save營救，儲蓄　
keep保持　quit放棄停止　stand堅持，忍受　
loathe非常討厭，厭惡　recall回想　
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會?！?br>(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別　
1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）　
forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）　
2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事　
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事　
3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）　
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)　
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾　
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔　
5）try to do努力、企圖做某事　
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法　
6) mean to do打算，有意要…　
mean doing意味著　
7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）　
go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）　
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）　
proposing doing建議（做某事）　
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念　
（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：　
I should like to see him tomorrow．　
10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。　
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?　
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身?！?br>I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)　
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)　
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心?！?br>Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作?！?br>I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情?！?br>This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。