第五章 分詞和從句

????分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和分詞短語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)等成分。在成分復(fù)雜的句子中，有時(shí)分詞的出現(xiàn)易同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式或者進(jìn)行時(shí)搞混，造成句子主干的判斷錯(cuò)誤。帶有自己主語(yǔ)的分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由于同非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和插入語(yǔ)一樣需要逗號(hào)同句子的其他成分分開，因此常會(huì)誤認(rèn)為是非限制性定語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)。有些從句，尤其是定語(yǔ)從句，其形式變化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。


Excrise

Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.

Ｗhen a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.

要點(diǎn)：句首的someone后有介詞短語(yǔ)with a history of doing more rather than less 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾。第二個(gè)someone后有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句who has not had an active mind對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾?！皊ound”在此句中的意思為“健康，健全”。
譯文:經(jīng)常積極思考的人進(jìn)入老年后,比不積極思考的人在認(rèn)知方面更加健康.

要點(diǎn)：主句的謂語(yǔ)use must be made of the space in the air.是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在英語(yǔ)中“動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞”類的短語(yǔ)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種改法。一種是將詞組中的名詞上升為主語(yǔ)；另一種是將介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)升為主語(yǔ)。
舉例：主語(yǔ)態(tài)：They take care of the babies.
被動(dòng)態(tài)１Care of the babies are taken by them.
被動(dòng)態(tài)２The babies are taken care by them.
在本句中是采用了第一種做法，全句的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為Ｗe must take use of the space in the air.
譯文：當(dāng)?shù)孛娴慕ㄖ臻g變得緊張時(shí)，我們必須在空中拓展空間。

要點(diǎn)：when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，直到逗號(hào)為止。"an　item"后有定語(yǔ)從句"she or he bought "對(duì)其修飾，" in some way "意為在某一方面，"live up to"意為達(dá)到。。。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
譯文：消費(fèi)者一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所購(gòu)商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能達(dá)到生產(chǎn)廠家宣稱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)采取的第一步是向購(gòu)物商店出示保單或其他有效的證據(jù)。

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