1.The design of a high-performance, full-custom integrated circuit (IC) is, of course, a difficult task. In full-custom IC design, everything, down to and including individual transistors may be designed (although libraries of parts are, of course, used).
1.高性能，全定制集成電路（IC）的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)然是一個(gè)困難的任務(wù)。在全定制集成電路的設(shè)計(jì)中，所有事情，甚至是單個(gè)晶體管都需要被設(shè)計(jì)（當(dāng)然，盡管要用到一些庫(kù)）。

2.For many years, however, it has been possible to build semi-custom integrated circuits using gate arrays. A gate array, as its name suggests, is an integrated circuit on which an array of gates has been created. The design of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using a gate array therefore involves the definition of how the gates in the array should be connected.
2.但是，多年以來(lái)，可以使用門陣列構(gòu)建半導(dǎo)體集成電路。門陣列，正如其名，是由許多邏輯門所構(gòu)建的集成電路。因此，使用門陣列進(jìn)行專用集成電路的設(shè)計(jì)包括定義列陣中的邏輯門是如何連接的。

3.In practical terms, this means that one or two layers of metal interconnect must be designed. Since an integrated circuit requires seven or more processing stages, all the processing steps other than the final metalization can be completed in advance. Because the uncommitted gate arrays can be produced in volume, the cost of each device is relatively small.
3.在實(shí)際情況中，這意味著一到兩層的金屬互連必須被設(shè)計(jì)。由于集成電路需要七個(gè)或更多的加工過(guò)程，除了最終的金屬化，其它步驟都可以預(yù)先完成。因?yàn)檫@些未知用途門列陣可以大量生產(chǎn)，每個(gè)器件的成本非常低。

4.A diode is reverse biased when the diode negative electrode voltage is higher than the anode electric potential. The diode internal resistance was extremely high by now.
4.當(dāng)二極管的正極電壓高于負(fù)極電位時(shí)稱二極管反向偏置，這時(shí)二極管的內(nèi)部電阻非常高，所以一個(gè)理想的二極管可以阻擋反向的電流而讓正向的電流通過(guò)。

5.There are four basic tests required for transistors in practical applications: gain, leakage, breakdown, and switching time. All of these tests are best made with commercial testers or oscilloscopes.
5.在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，對(duì)晶體管須進(jìn)行四項(xiàng)基本測(cè)試：增益、漏電流、擊穿電壓和開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間。所有這些測(cè)試最好用通用晶體管測(cè)試儀和示波器進(jìn)行測(cè)試。