1.The buck converter is capable of kilowatts of output power, but suffers from one serious shortcoming which would occur if the power switch were to fail short-circuited, the input power source is connected directly to the load circuitry with usually produces catastrophic results. To avoid this situation, a crowbar is placed across the output. A crowbar is a latching SCR which is fired when the output is sensed as entering an over voltage condition. The buck converter should only be used for board-level regulation.
1.降壓變壓器可以產(chǎn)生上千瓦的輸出功率，但它有個致命的缺陷，當開關(guān)電源發(fā)生短路時，輸入電源會直接連接到負載電路上，這會導致可怕的后果。為了避免這種情況，要在輸出端加上一個斷路器。這個電路是一個閉合的可控硅整流器，當輸出端被檢測到一個過高的電壓時，它就被觸發(fā)工作了。降壓型變換器只適合于板級調(diào)節(jié)。

2.Interconnect effects can play a significant part in the timing and noise characteristics of a circuit.
2.互連的效果對于一個電路的時序和噪聲特性都能夠起到很顯著的影響。

of the major interconnect challenges is to ensure signal integrity as the high-speed pulses move along the total interconnect path, from device to PCB, through the PCB to the back plane, and on out to any network connections which may be present.
3.主要的互連挑戰(zhàn)之一是確保高速脈沖通過整個互連路徑時的信號完整性，從器件到PCB板，再從PCB板到底板，最后到任何可能出現(xiàn)的網(wǎng)絡連接。

4.This is Ohm’s law and can be expressed as the formula:I=U/R . The resistor is generally a linear device and its characteristic forms a straight line when plotted on a graph.
4.這就是歐姆定律,可以用公式表示成I=U/R.電阻器一般是線性器件,它的(伏安)特性曲線形成一條直線.

5.One Ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.
5.1Ω的定義是當加到導體上的電壓為1V時,使導體的電流為1A時所需要的電阻值.