第一篇：有關(guān)匹茲堡經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型對中國經(jīng)濟的借鑒作用。這一段落出自伯南克的一篇文章，有一定修改，總體風(fēng)格比較平實，陌生經(jīng)濟術(shù)語不多，只是某些句式有些拗口，譯不好會聽起來比較別扭。

Para 1

The slowing of China’s economic growth has many causes. In my view, it is a healthy development, resulting from a necessary change in China's growth model. Since the beginning of China's growth miracle, a large part of the country's development has been directed from the center. This "top-down" approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure, and the promotion of exports. This growth model had its roots in central planning. but China also encourages its market liberalization and openness to international competition, thus making important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.? This strategy has been incredibly successful. the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago ?

參考答案：中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的放緩，有很多的原因，在我看來，這種發(fā)展是健康的，是由中國發(fā)展模式所進行的必要調(diào)整造成的。 這個國家發(fā)展的奇跡的最初時刻，其發(fā)展主要來自于中央政府的指令。這種自上而下的發(fā)展方式主要集中于重工業(yè)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及推動出口。這種發(fā)展方式植根于中央集權(quán)式的計劃經(jīng)濟，但中國同時也鼓勵市場自由化并向國際競爭開放。在生產(chǎn)力以及技術(shù)改造方面獲得了很大的進展。這一戰(zhàn)略非常成功，目前中國的經(jīng)濟體量已經(jīng)是十年前的兩倍半。

the Chinese economy is two-and-a-half times bigger today than a decade ago。本句加一個名詞體量，就顯得比較平穩(wěn)。而相反，漢英翻譯時，體量一詞就完全可以省去。

important gains in productivity and technological upgrading.這句話出現(xiàn)了抽象接抽象的情況，處理時要想清楚三個抽象名詞之間的關(guān)系。

Para 2

However, the top-down strategy has its limits. The share of output going into manufacturing, infrastructure, and exports is too large to be sustained. And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption. Recognizing these limits, China is working to make the transition to a "bottom-up" growth model, focused on the development of services industries, that is, retail trade, health, education, finance, and transportation. Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.? That productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in manufacturing, this transition will involve slower economic growth.

參考答案： 但是這種由上而下的策略存在局限性。國民收入進入基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和出口領(lǐng)域比例過大，因此不可持續(xù)。同時過度強調(diào)資本投資和出口而忽視了消費。中國政府意識到了這種局限性。正在努力進行轉(zhuǎn)型，變?yōu)橐环N自下而上的發(fā)展模式。主要強調(diào)發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)也就是發(fā)展零售業(yè)、健康產(chǎn)業(yè)、教育、金融和交通業(yè)的發(fā)展。目前服務(wù)業(yè)占據(jù)中國經(jīng)濟的大約一半，而美國的服務(wù)業(yè)占據(jù)經(jīng)濟的五分之四。通常情況下，生產(chǎn)服務(wù)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展速度不如制造業(yè)發(fā)展得快，這種轉(zhuǎn)型會減慢經(jīng)濟增長速度

exports is too large to be sustained.這是非常著名的太……而不能句，直譯聽起來翻譯腔十足，實際上并沒有什么用，不如直接去掉。

And there is an overemphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on consumption.這一there be加rather的用法，會讓譯者一瞬間產(chǎn)生非常別扭的譯文，實際上還是詞性轉(zhuǎn)換接斷句和增詞，這樣就可以產(chǎn)生順暢的譯文。

Services currently make up about half of the Chinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States.這句話里的關(guān)鍵就在compare一詞可以合理省略，比較結(jié)構(gòu)處理的第一選擇應(yīng)該是如何不譯，而不是如何再現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)，相反，漢英當(dāng)中，如果能“無中生有”地出一個compared譯品的質(zhì)量就很高。

Para 3

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. The economy of Pittsburg was built on heavy industry, a model that eventually reached its limits. And heavy industry took a heavy toll on its environment. Pittsburg and other American industrial cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to these cities, the government and private sectors worked together to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, clean up the environment, and improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure. They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail.

參考答案：美國一些老工業(yè)城市比如匹茲堡，經(jīng)歷了重要的經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型。他們的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗?zāi)軌驗橹袊岢鲇杏玫慕梃b。匹茲堡的經(jīng)濟建立在重工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上，而這一發(fā)展模式最終遇到了瓶頸。重工業(yè)在環(huán)保方面付出了巨大的代價。匹茲堡及一些美國其他的工業(yè)城市，成功的重振了他們的經(jīng)濟，主要靠得是由制造業(yè)向服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型。這些城市的政府和私人機構(gòu)共同合作，重新振興了市中心地區(qū)，發(fā)展，旅游景點以及會展業(yè)，清潔了環(huán)境，提升交通條件以及其他的基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)設(shè)施。因此它們吸引來了一些較為清潔的產(chǎn)業(yè)，比如醫(yī)藥、技術(shù)、金融和零售業(yè)。

The experience of some of American’s old industrial cities like Pittsburg offers useful lessons to China as it goes through this crucial economic transition. 這個句子的難點在處理experience一詞，在聽的過程中要能記住，而且要做到“引而不發(fā)”，先翻譯后面的事實，然后再說經(jīng)驗，考驗的是譯者在長結(jié)構(gòu)中調(diào)整句式的能力。

did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. 制造業(yè)向服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型。很自然地加上一個“業(yè)”字，整個句子就順了，英譯漢當(dāng)中使用范疇詞的技巧有助于表達自然而符合習(xí)慣。

They then attracted businesses in “clean” sectors，對sector一詞泛譯為產(chǎn)業(yè)，實際上應(yīng)該是“產(chǎn)業(yè)部門”，但在漢語表達上似乎區(qū)別不大，如果是漢譯英，很可能需要在校對時進行調(diào)整。

Para 4

Strengthening education was the key. It has the benefits like attracting and maintaining skilled workforces and setting up high tech companies.? Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities. Particularly the universities of Pittsburg which led efforts to build research facilities where old factories had once stood.The symbol of Pittsburgh’s transformation is that the form of U.S. Steel building at the downtown in Pittsburg, the headquarters of a steel is now the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, which is the largest employer in the whole region. How can China make a transition to a more services-oriented economy like Pittsburg has done? Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.? China can also enter into partnerships with foreign companies that can bring essential expertise in various fields.

參考答案：加強教育發(fā)展是重中之重，教育能夠帶來各種好處，包括吸引并留住一些熟練工人并建立起高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)。匹茲堡的重新發(fā)展得益于其是幾所大學(xué)的所在地。尤其是匹茲堡下大力量，在原先廠房的舊址上建立起了大學(xué)的研究機構(gòu)。這一轉(zhuǎn)變的標(biāo)志就是在城市的中心美國鋼鐵大廈，即一家鋼鐵公司的總部所在地，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為匹茲堡醫(yī)學(xué)中心，成為城市當(dāng)中用工最多的機構(gòu)。中國如何才能像匹茲堡一樣進行這一服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型？關(guān)鍵步驟是減少重工業(yè)和出口補貼，同時深入改革，讓創(chuàng)立新公司變得更加容易。中國也可以通過與外國公司建立伙伴關(guān)系，在不同領(lǐng)域內(nèi)引進專家人才。

Pittsburgh’s redevelopment was greatly helped by hosting several major universities.這個句子里兩個動詞help和host，在漢語當(dāng)中主語都應(yīng)該是人而非物，因此在翻譯時要有意識地調(diào)整，否則譯文會覺得非常生硬。從中也能看出英漢在動詞使用方面的差異，及物，動詞的范圍，主語的情況，都要考慮才能譯文流利。

Reducing the subsidies to exports and heavy industry, while continuing reforms to make it easier to start new businesses, is critical steps.這類掉尾句對聽力要求較高，系動詞離主語部分比較遠(yuǎn)，容易出現(xiàn)判斷失誤，無法完全理解，需要在日常訓(xùn)練中不斷自行練習(xí)。一個句子可以同時說成松散和掉尾兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，說上幾十個句子，自己也就習(xí)慣了。

Para 5

Reviving old American industrial cities like Pittsburg offers a useful lesson to China. which is the building a strong middle class: Middle-class households are the primary market for a wide range of services, from education to health care to retail to entertainment. For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities. In the case of China, to build the strong middle class, it needs to strengthen the social safety net, as this will give households the income security so that they can save less and spend more。 it also needs to reduce excessive government regulations and provides more consumer choices. A strong Chinese middle class will stimulate the development of new services industries and give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.

參考答案：像匹茲堡這樣的美國老工業(yè)城市的振興對中國是有用的一課就是要建立強大的中產(chǎn)階層。中產(chǎn)階級家庭是一系列服務(wù)的主要市場，包括教育、健康保健、零售以及娛樂業(yè)。美國像匹茲堡這樣的城市，想要吸引中產(chǎn)階級消費者，就需要提升公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和教育水平，降低罪犯率以及增加就業(yè)機會。談到中國，要想建立強大的中產(chǎn)階級，就需要加強社保安全網(wǎng)，讓每個家庭對自己的收入感覺放心，這樣他們就會少存款，多花錢。同時還要減少政府的過度干預(yù)，為消費者提供更多的選擇。一個堅強的中國中產(chǎn)階級階層將刺激新型服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展，令這種自下而上的方式有可能取得成功。

For American cities like Pittsburg, attracting middle-class consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities.這個句子的中心動詞為involve但只要這個詞一出現(xiàn)，譯文就會變得笨重不堪，因為后面的賓語長得停不下來，參考譯文處理成一個帶假如的主從復(fù)合句，就變得輕松了許多。

give households the income security英語中可以直接用名詞修辭另一個抽象名詞，而這種說法在漢語當(dāng)中并不清楚，往往要通過拆分和解釋的方法進行處理，望文生義的譯法是行不通的。

give the “bottom-up” approach a chance to succeed.直譯為嘗試一下，但在這個上下文中沒必要多加一個主語，就譯成了有可能，這就是所謂譯文的靈活不拘一格。