What are the examination systems in other countries?
其他國(guó)家的考試制度是什么？

Australia:
澳大利亞:

Pupils have external exams at 18. These exams act as a certificate of school completion and, depending on grade, entry into tertiary education.
學(xué)生在18歲時(shí)要參加外部考試。這些考試相當(dāng)于學(xué)校結(jié)業(yè)證書(shū)，并根據(jù)年級(jí)的不同作為進(jìn)入高等教育的證明。

Canada: Alberta
加拿大: 阿爾伯塔

At age 15 pupils’ achievement is tested in 5 subjects: Maths, Science, Social Studies, English and French. This is not a formal leaving certificate but shows which pupils are eligible to attend senior high school. At age 18 pupils can obtain one of the following:
在15歲時(shí)，學(xué)生需要通過(guò)5門(mén)科目的測(cè)試以獲得成績(jī)：數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)、社會(huì)研究、英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)。這不是正式的離校證明，但能表明哪些學(xué)生有資格上高中。年滿(mǎn)18歲的學(xué)生可以獲得下列其中一項(xiàng)：

? Alberta High School Diploma ;
阿爾伯塔高中文憑；

? Certificate of High School Achievement (for students enrolled in knowledge and employability courses);
高中成績(jī)證書(shū)（適用于學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和就業(yè)能力課程的學(xué)生）；

? Certificate of Achievement (for students on specific integrated occupational programmes);
成績(jī)證書(shū)（適用于特定綜合職業(yè)課程的學(xué)生）；

? Certificate of School Completion (for students with significant cognitive delays).
學(xué)校結(jié)業(yè)證書(shū)（適用于有嚴(yán)重認(rèn)知障礙的學(xué)生）。

The majority of students receive the High School Diploma.
大多數(shù)學(xué)生都會(huì)獲得高中文憑。

Canada: Ontario
加拿大：安大略

To gain the high school diploma ‐ students must:
要獲得高中文憑，學(xué)生必須：

? obtain thirty credits in high school;
在高中獲得30個(gè)學(xué)分；

? successfully complete compulsory Grade 10 literacy test (students aged 15/16);
成功完成必修的10年級(jí)讀寫(xiě)能力考試（15/16歲的學(xué)生）；

? complete 40 hours of community involvement.
完成40個(gè)小時(shí)的社區(qū)服務(wù)。

Estonia:
愛(ài)沙尼亞：

16 year-olds take three examinations at the end of compulsory education: either Estonian language and literature or Estonian as a second language, Maths and one subject chosen by the student from English, German, Russian as a foreign language, French, biology, chemistry, physics, geography, history, civic studies and Russian language and literature.
16歲的學(xué)生在義務(wù)教育結(jié)束時(shí)需要參加三門(mén)考試：愛(ài)沙尼亞語(yǔ)言和文學(xué)或愛(ài)沙尼亞語(yǔ)作為第二語(yǔ)言，數(shù)學(xué)以及學(xué)生從英語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)作為外語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、生物、化學(xué)、物理、地理、歷史、公民研究、俄語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言和文學(xué)中選擇的一門(mén)課程。

Upper secondary school pupils (age 19) take a minimum of five upper secondary school final examinations chosen from Estonian, Estonian as a second language, Russian, Russian as a foreign language, civic studies, mathematics, English, German, French, biology, geography, chemistry, history, and physics. At least three of these must be state examinations. The remaining two can be school examinations or state examinations (the latter are integrated with higher educational institution entrance examinations).
高中生（19歲）至少要參加五門(mén)高中期末考試，可從愛(ài)沙尼亞、愛(ài)沙尼亞作為第二語(yǔ)言、俄語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)作為外語(yǔ)、公民研究、數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、生物、地理、化學(xué)、歷史和物理中選擇。其中至少有三門(mén)必須參加國(guó)家考試。剩下的兩門(mén)可以是學(xué)?？荚嚮驀?guó)家考試（后者與高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的入學(xué)考試相結(jié)合）。

Finland:
芬蘭：

At age 18 to 19 students usually take the matriculation examination: This comprises at least four tests:
18至19歲的學(xué)生通常需要參加入學(xué)考試，這至少包括四項(xiàng)考試：

? mother tongue (compulsory)
母語(yǔ)（必修）

? three other compulsory tests from second national language, foreign language, maths, and one test from sciences or humanities
其他三門(mén)必修課，包括第二民族語(yǔ)言，外語(yǔ)，數(shù)學(xué)，以及一項(xiàng)科學(xué)或人文學(xué)科的考試

? one or more optional tests.
一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)可選測(cè)試。

France:
法國(guó)：

Lower secondary education ends at 15 when pupils take a lower secondary leaving exam, the brevet, which comprises tests French, maths, history/geography and civics education together with continuous assessment from 13-15. After one year of upper secondary education, pupils can leave or continue their education. Those that stay on can choose from a range of Baccalauréate, a technical brevet or vocational certificates.
初中教育在15歲結(jié)束后，學(xué)生們需要參加初中畢業(yè)考試——初中畢業(yè)會(huì)考，其中包括法語(yǔ)、數(shù)學(xué)、歷史/地理和公民教育，以及從13到15歲的連續(xù)評(píng)估。經(jīng)過(guò)一年的高中教育后，學(xué)生可以選擇離開(kāi)或繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)。那些留下來(lái)的學(xué)生可以在一系列文憑、技術(shù)證書(shū)或職業(yè)證書(shū)中進(jìn)行選擇。

Japan:
日本：

No national assessment. Individual institutions arrange assessment at the end of lower secondary education (age 15) which may influence entry to senior high school although entry tests for these are often administered by municipal boards of education. Each local senior high school selects its own pupils under supervision of boards of education and in accordance with individual board’s regulations. National and private upper secondary schools conduct their own entrance exams. Individual institutions issue a Certificate of Upper Secondary Education at age 18. This Certificate is just one of the requirements for entry to higher education.
日本沒(méi)有全國(guó)性的評(píng)估考試。個(gè)別機(jī)構(gòu)在初中教育結(jié)束時(shí)（15歲）會(huì)安排評(píng)估，這可能會(huì)影響高中入學(xué)，盡管這些入學(xué)考試通常是由市教育委員會(huì)管理。每所地方高中在教育委員會(huì)的監(jiān)督下，根據(jù)個(gè)別委員會(huì)的規(guī)定選擇自己要錄取的學(xué)生。國(guó)立和私立高中都有自己的入學(xué)考試。個(gè)別院校在18歲時(shí)頒發(fā)高中教育證書(shū)，但這一證書(shū)只是升學(xué)的條件之一。

Korea (South):
韓國(guó)：

No national examination on completion of lower secondary phase education. However, students may need to take an entrance exam at age 15+ for some upper secondary schools.
完成初中階段教育后沒(méi)有國(guó)家考試。然而，對(duì)于一些高中，學(xué)生可能需要在15歲以上參加入學(xué)考試。

At age 18+, pupils receive either a High School Certificate or a Vocational High School Certificate. All students who wish to go to junior college after upper secondary school (high school) have to take the national College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). CSAT involves written tests in subject domains: Korean; Maths; English; Social studies, science and vocational education (pupils choose 9 tests from a range of options); and a second foreign language.
18歲以上的學(xué)生會(huì)獲得高中證書(shū)或職業(yè)高中證書(shū)。所有希望在高中畢業(yè)后進(jìn)入大學(xué)的學(xué)生必須參加全國(guó)學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)能力考試（CSAT）。CSAT包括以下學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的筆試：韓語(yǔ)；數(shù)學(xué)；英語(yǔ)；社會(huì)科學(xué)、科學(xué)和職業(yè)教育（學(xué)生從一系列選項(xiàng)中選擇9門(mén)考試）；以及第二外語(yǔ)。

Higher education institutions announce annually their student admission criteria which include elements such as CSAT score, comprehensive high school records, institution‐administered examinations, interviews, essays and recommendation letters.
高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)每年都會(huì)公布他們的招生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其中包括CSAT成績(jī)、綜合高中成績(jī)、院校管理的考試、面試、作文和推薦信等要素。

The CSAT is currently being revised (applicable from 2014). The pressure on students taking CSAT will be significantly reduced ready for when the college entrance system is changed to one centred on an admissions office system.
CSAT目前正在修訂中（2014年起適用）。學(xué)生參加CSAT考試的壓力將大大減輕，這也為大學(xué)招生制度轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐哉猩k公室為中心的制度做好準(zhǔn)備。

The Netherlands:
荷蘭：

At age 15, schools assess whether students have acquired the knowledge, understanding and skills described in the attainment targets for basic secondary education (known as the first cycle). Pupils then enter the second cycle which prepares students for specific, differentiated terminal examinations:
在15歲時(shí)，學(xué)校會(huì)評(píng)估學(xué)生是否獲得了基礎(chǔ)中等教育成就目標(biāo)（稱(chēng)為第一周期）中描述的知識(shí)、理解力和技能。然后，學(xué)生們進(jìn)入第二個(gè)周期，這一周期中會(huì)為學(xué)生們準(zhǔn)備具體的、差異化的期末考試：

? VMBO, pre-vocational secondary education qualification: comprises a compulsory common component (Dutch, English, social studies I, physical education and arts I), an optional component, and a sector‐specific component (chosen from: engineering and technology, care and welfare, business or agriculture)
VMBO，職前中等教育資質(zhì)：包括必修公共部分（荷蘭語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)、社會(huì)研究I、體育和藝術(shù)I）、可選部分和特定部門(mén)的部分（從工程和技術(shù)、護(hù)理和福利事業(yè)、商業(yè)或農(nóng)業(yè)中選擇）。

? HAVO, senior general secondary education qualification: common component as above, specialised components and an optional component chosen from subject combinations: “science and technology”, “science and health” and “economics and society”. As well as terminal exams, pupils have to write a project which is expected to take 80 hours.
HAVO，高級(jí)普通中等教育資格：包括如上所述的公共部分、專(zhuān)業(yè)部分和從學(xué)科組合中選擇的可選部分（“科學(xué)與技術(shù)”、“科學(xué)與健康”和“經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)”）。除了期末考試，學(xué)生們還必須完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，預(yù)計(jì)需要80個(gè)小時(shí)。

? VWO, a pre-university qualification: as HAVO but with a greater study load.
VWO，大學(xué)預(yù)科學(xué)歷：；類(lèi)似HAVO，但學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)更重。

New Zealand:
新西蘭:
?

The National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) is the main qualification at all levels of the senior secondary school. It allows a diverse range of students in an increasingly wide variety of courses in schools to have their achievements recognised and reported. Students completing Year 11 – the final year of compulsory education (age 15/16) obtain credits towards the NCEA. Approved courses are listed in the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF).
教育評(píng)鑒國(guó)家級(jí)證書(shū)（NCEA）是高中各級(jí)的主要證書(shū)。它允許學(xué)校中越來(lái)越多不同課程的不同學(xué)生的成績(jī)得到認(rèn)可和并獲得報(bào)告。完成11年級(jí)，即義務(wù)教育最后一年（15/16歲）的學(xué)生能獲得NCEA的學(xué)分。這些批準(zhǔn)的課程通常列在新西蘭資格認(rèn)證框架（NZQF）中。

Students can achieve the NCEA from a wide range of studies within the school curriculum and beyond. Each subject is assessed externally and by internal assessment (externally moderated) using achievement standards developed by education, industry and national standards bodies. These standards are in place for general/academic (school curriculum) subjects and for vocational and technical subjects.
學(xué)生可以從學(xué)校課程內(nèi)外的廣泛學(xué)習(xí)中取得NCEA。每個(gè)科目都使用由教育、行業(yè)和國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu)制定的成績(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行外部評(píng)估和內(nèi)部評(píng)估（外部協(xié)調(diào)）。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于普通/學(xué)術(shù)（學(xué)校課程）科目以及職業(yè)和技術(shù)科目。

NCEA is intended to be a comprehensive record of what pupils achieve and a ‘launching pad’ for their ongoing learning and future careers. It is standards‐based and complements external assessment with internal assessment in all conventional school subjects at three levels (Level 1 NCEA, Level 2 NCEA, and Level 3 NCEA, broadly equivalent to Year 11, Year 12 and Year 13).
NCEA旨在全面記錄學(xué)生的成績(jī)，并為他們持續(xù)的學(xué)習(xí)和未來(lái)的職業(yè)生涯提供一個(gè)“跳板”。它以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為基礎(chǔ)，與所有傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校三個(gè)級(jí)別（1級(jí)NCEA、2級(jí)NCEA和3級(jí)NCEA，大致相當(dāng)于11年級(jí)、12年級(jí)和13年級(jí)）的外部評(píng)估和內(nèi)部評(píng)估相輔相成。

USA – Massachusetts:
美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州：

No qualification is awarded at the end of compulsory education (age 16). However, one of the requirements for a high school graduation diploma – received on completion of Grade 12 (age 18) is that students pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) Grade 10 “competency determination” tests in English, Maths, Science and technology.
義務(wù)教育結(jié)束時(shí)(16歲)不授予任何資格。然而，取得高中畢業(yè)文憑(在12年級(jí)，即18歲結(jié)束時(shí)得到)的要求之一是學(xué)生必須通過(guò)馬薩諸塞州綜合評(píng)估系統(tǒng)（MCAS）10年級(jí)的英語(yǔ)、數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)和技術(shù)“能力確定”測(cè)試。

18 year olds who complete high school and have passed the MCAS tests are awarded the high school graduation diploma. This is the minimum requirement for US higher education. However, university applicants are also judged on their high school record, courses taken and marks received, teachers’ recommendations and marks in college/higher education admission tests.
完成高中學(xué)業(yè)并通過(guò)MCAS考試的18歲學(xué)生將獲得高中畢業(yè)證書(shū)。這是美國(guó)高等教育的最低要求。然而，大學(xué)申請(qǐng)者也會(huì)根據(jù)他們的高中成績(jī)、選修的課程和收到的分?jǐn)?shù)、教師的推薦和大學(xué)/高等教育入學(xué)考試的分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)評(píng)判。

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