力證釣魚島是中國領(lǐng)土
Evidence Proves That Diaoyu Island Is Chinese Territory

劉江永
Liu Jiangyong

近年來，日本政府一方面否認(rèn)中日圍繞釣魚島主權(quán)歸屬認(rèn)知有爭議，另一方面不斷加強(qiáng)在釣魚島問題上的宣介。日前，日本內(nèi)閣官房網(wǎng)站發(fā)布了一些資料圖片，妄稱釣魚島是日本的“固有領(lǐng)土”。日方拋出的所謂證據(jù)，要么嚴(yán)重違反史實，要么歪曲中方立場，純屬自欺欺人。為排除其對中日關(guān)系的消極影響，增進(jìn)中日兩國人民的友好感情，有必要就日方的有關(guān)錯誤觀點加以駁斥，以正視聽。
In recent years, the Japanese government has been denying the dispute over sovereignty of Diaoyu Island, all while strengthening its own propaganda on the issue. A few days ago, the office of the Cabinet of Japan posted some data and graphics on its official website, claiming that Diaoyu Island is Japan’s “inherent territory.”However, the so-called proof offered by Japan is either self-deception that goes against history or a misinterpretation of China’s stance. In order to eliminate its impact on China-Japan relations and enhance the friendship between the two peoples, it is necessary to refute Japan’s evidence and clarify the facts.

一、甲午戰(zhàn)爭前日本官方已承認(rèn)釣魚島屬于中國
I. The Japanese government acknowledged China’s sovereignty over Diaoyu Island before the First Sino-Japanese War

日本政府反復(fù)宣揚釣魚島及其附屬島嶼曾經(jīng)是所謂“無主地”，日本政府1885年進(jìn)行再三調(diào)查后沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)中國人統(tǒng)治痕跡才決定占有，這符合有關(guān)領(lǐng)土的“先占原則”。這完全是無稽之談。
The Japanese government has repeatedly claimed that Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands used to be uninhabited, and Japan did not claim sovereignty over the islands until it had confirmed that they were not under China’s jurisdiction, in accordance with the “preemption doctrine.” These claims are completely groundless.

首先，日本1895年竊占這些島嶼之前，釣魚島是中國的無人島，但絕非所謂“無主地”。據(jù)中國官方史書記載，自明朝洪武五年（1372年）起，中國明朝的冊封使等就把釣魚島及其附屬島嶼作為涉海東渡琉球國的海上航標(biāo)，并派張赫、吳幀率領(lǐng)舟師維護(hù)海上通道，將這些島嶼納入中國的海防范圍。中國自清朝起將這些島嶼劃歸臺灣府噶瑪蘭廳（今宜蘭縣）管轄。清政府首任巡視臺灣的監(jiān)察御史黃叔璥曾視察過釣魚島，并將其記載入述職報告《臺海使槎錄》。
First of all, although Diaoyu Island was uninhabited before Japan seized it in 1895, it was by no means unclaimed land. According to official historical records, starting from 1372, the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty, imperial title-conferring envoys used Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands as a navigation mark to sail to Ryukyu. The imperial courts of the Ming also sent troops, led by Zhang He and Wu Zhen, to protect the maritime route and incorporated these islands into their coastal defense.From the Qing Dynasty, the islands were placed under the jurisdiction of Gamalan, Taiwan (known as Yilan County today). Huang Shujing, the first imperial supervision envoy sent by the Qing court to Taiwan, once inspected Diaoyu Island and wrote about it in his report, “A Tour of Duty in the Taiwan Strait (Tai Hai Shi Cha Lu).”

其次，自日本1874年首次入侵臺灣至1894年發(fā)動甲午戰(zhàn)爭這20年間，日本海軍省繪制的《清國沿海諸省》圖和出版的各種水路志，均認(rèn)定釣魚島、黃尾嶼、赤尾嶼是臺灣東北諸島。日本外務(wù)省、陸軍省也先后對海軍省所繪地圖進(jìn)行了確認(rèn)。1885年，日本吞并琉球國改稱沖繩縣6年后，日本時任內(nèi)務(wù)卿山縣有朋便兩次密令沖繩縣在釣魚島等無人島建立日本的標(biāo)樁，但遭到當(dāng)時沖繩縣令和外務(wù)大臣婉拒，理由便是日本占領(lǐng)這些島嶼可能與中國發(fā)生沖突。如果他們當(dāng)時即認(rèn)定釣魚島及其附屬島嶼是“無主地”，又怎么會擔(dān)心與中國發(fā)生沖突呢？
Later, between 1874 (when Japan first invaded Taiwan) and 1894 (when the Sino-Japanese War began), all kinds of maps and literature drafted by the Navy Ministry of Japan, including one that lays out all the coastal provinces of the Qing court, identified Diaoyu Island, Huangwei Island and Chiwei Island as northeastern islands of Taiwan. Japan’s Foreign Ministry and Army Ministry also confirmed the accuracy of those maps.In 1885, six years after Japan annexed Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture, then Home Minister Yamagata Aritomo secretly asked the Prefecture to set up sovereignty marks on “no-man islands” like Diaoyu Island. The governor of Okinawa Prefecture and the Foreign Minister rejected this maneuver since the occupation of these islands could trigger conflicts with China. Of course, if they had actually believed Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands were unclaimed, they would have had no such concerns.

第三，甲午戰(zhàn)爭前20年日本海軍省一直認(rèn)為釣魚島及其附屬島嶼是臺灣東北諸島，其主要依據(jù)來自兩方面：一是從英國海軍1848年出版的《薩瑪朗號航海記（1843—1846）》到1894年的英國海軍文獻(xiàn)及地圖，均把釣魚島及其附屬島嶼作為臺灣東北諸島記載，明確認(rèn)定赤尾嶼是中國這一島鏈的最東端。二是中國清朝1863年出版的《大清一統(tǒng)輿圖》。該圖也清楚地把釣魚島劃入中國臺灣島嶼，而把赤尾嶼對面的琉球?qū)賺u“久米島”用不同方式標(biāo)出。這些歷史證據(jù)充分證明，在中日兩國圍繞釣魚島歸屬發(fā)生爭議的“關(guān)鍵日期”之前，釣魚島確屬中國。
Looking further back to 20 years before the First Sino-Japanese War, it is clear that the Japanese navy believed Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands were northeastern islands of Taiwan.For one thing, the nautical journal of H.M.S. Samarang, which chronicled the years 1843-1846 and was published in 1848, as well as other literature and maps published by the British Navy, all marked Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands as northeastern islands of Taiwan while confirming Chiwei Island as the eastern end of the Chinese island chain.In addition, the Qing Dynasty atlas, published in 1863, also designates Diaoyu Island as being under the jurisdiction of Taiwan. Kume-jima, an affiliated island of Ryukyu facing Chiwei Island, was marked in a different color. This ample historical evidence shows that, before the “critical period” when the dispute over sovereignty of Diaoyu Island escalated, Diaoyu Island always belonged to China.

二、甲午戰(zhàn)爭前日本偷獵者已知釣魚島是中國的無人島
II. Japan knew Diaoyu Island was uninhabited before its poachers landed

日方曾杜撰了所謂古賀辰四郎1884年發(fā)現(xiàn)并派人開發(fā)釣魚島的謊言，經(jīng)筆者揭穿后現(xiàn)已不再強(qiáng)調(diào)此事。但是，最近又拋出另一個所謂證據(jù)，即1893年井澤彌喜太赴“胡馬島”（釣魚島）在海上遇險漂至中國沿海獲救，以此證明中方并不介意日本人前往釣魚島。
Originally, Japan made up a story about a man named Koga Tatsushiro who supposedly discovered and colonized Diaoyu Island in 1884. After being debunked as a myth, Japan fabricated additional evidence that a man named Izawa Yakita was once saved by Chinese people as he sailed to Kobajima Island (Diaoyu Island) in 1893. This was cited as evidence that China did not prohibit Japanese people from fishing near Diaoyu Island.

然而，據(jù)筆者掌握的第一手資料和日本外務(wù)省檔案確認(rèn)，井澤彌喜太是日本熊本縣人，曾于1891年在釣魚島偷獵信天翁。1893年6月，井澤等人從琉球西南島嶼八重山赴釣魚島送米，但途中遭遇風(fēng)暴被吹至中國浙江省平陽縣。他們獲救后去福州途中再度遇險，得到中國福建省地方官款待并派人護(hù)送到上海，移交給日本駐上海領(lǐng)事館。問題在于，井澤彌喜太等獲救的日本人并未向中國福建地方官講明實情，而是謊稱他們是從家鄉(xiāng)九州到八重山運煤，途中遇險曾漂泊到“胡馬島”（KOBAJIMA，日方給黃尾嶼篡改的島名“久場島”）。不過，井澤等人到上海后則向日本總領(lǐng)事代理林權(quán)助報告了他們從八重山去“胡馬島”（實為釣魚島）的真相。
However, according to firsthand reports and documents from Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Izawa Yakita, a fisherman from Japan’s Kumamoto Prefecture, was found poaching albatrosses on Diaoyu Island in 1891.In June 1893, when Izawa Yakita sailed to Diaoyu Island from the Yaeyama Islands, he and his fellow sailors washed ashore in Pingyang County in eastern China’s Zhejiang province. Though they were rescued, they again encountered dangerous conditions on their way to Fuzhou, Fujian province. Local officials eventually transferred them to the Japanese Consulate in Shanghai.However, Izawa Yakita and the other sailors hid the truth from Fujian officials, claiming that they had been transporting coal from the Kyushu Islands to the Yaeyama Islands, but had accidentally floated to Kobajima Island on their way. They told the real story to Hayashi Gonsuke, then Japanese Consul General in Shanghai.

值得注意的問題是，井澤當(dāng)時為何要欺騙中國的地方官呢？答案只有一個，就是他們十分清楚前往偷獵的無人島是中國島嶼，擔(dān)心一旦實情暴露會受到中方追究。當(dāng)時的中國地方官無從得知井澤彌喜太曾前往釣魚島偷獵，所以只能按慣例救助日本海上遇難人員并協(xié)助他們回國。沿海中國人的大愛善舉，怎么能成為日本擁有釣魚島的“證據(jù)”呢？
Their motivation for lying to Chinese officials must be explored. The decision overwhelmingly points to one conclusion: they realized that the “uninhabited” island they were approaching belonged to China, and they knew they would be punished if they told the truth. Instead, the local Chinese officials – who were kept in the dark about the real situation – helped the sailors get back to Japan. In this way, a philanthropic deed performed by China is being used by Japan as evidence for its own sovereignty over the island.

事實上，直到1895年日本殖民統(tǒng)治臺灣及其附屬島嶼之后，井澤彌喜太才得以在釣魚島、黃尾嶼常住并進(jìn)行殖民開發(fā)。據(jù)井澤彌喜太的長女井澤真伎稱，她1901年出生在黃尾嶼。1972年1月8日井澤真伎留下寶貴的歷史證言指出：“當(dāng)時的日本政府也知道中國早已經(jīng)對該島嶼命過名，后來通過日清戰(zhàn)爭（甲午戰(zhàn)爭）將其與臺灣一同搶奪過來，并于明治二十九年（1896年）正式編入日本版圖。日中兩國之間應(yīng)該建立良好的關(guān)系，此時日本提出要將其占為己有的無理主張是錯誤的。日本戰(zhàn)敗時曾承諾將臺灣以及當(dāng)時一并搶奪的島嶼歸還中國，尖閣列島（釣魚島及其附屬島嶼）理所當(dāng)然地應(yīng)該歸還給它的故鄉(xiāng)中國?！?這才是歷史的真相。
The truth of the matter is, Izawa Yakita was not living on Diaoyu Island or Huangwei Island until 1895 when Taiwan and its affiliated islands were colonized by Japan. Izawa Masagi, Izawa Yakita’s daughter, admitted that she was born in 1901 on Huangwei Island.She confessed that, although the Japanese government knew China had claimed the island, they nevertheless grabbed it during the Sino-Japanese War and officially included it as part of Japanese territory on a map from 1896 (the 29th year of the Meiji period). In the testimony that she left behind, Izawa Masagi insisted that Japan should establish a sound relationship with China, criticizing Japan’s unlawful occupation of the island. She also noted that Japan had once promised to return the islands, along with Taiwan, to China at the end of World War II.

近年來，日本外務(wù)省網(wǎng)站還展示了一些當(dāng)年日本人登島開發(fā)的照片，以證明釣魚島屬于日本，這根本站不住腳。因為這些照片記錄的都是1895年日本殖民統(tǒng)治臺灣后對釣魚島進(jìn)行殖民開拓的情形。古賀辰四郎1895年6月10日才向日本政府申請租借開發(fā)釣魚島，1896年9月獲準(zhǔn)。古賀承認(rèn)，其主要背景是日本在甲午戰(zhàn)爭獲勝后擁有了這些島嶼。日本通過甲午戰(zhàn)爭竊占釣魚島及整個臺灣所依賴的《馬關(guān)條約》，在1945年日本戰(zhàn)敗投降后已被廢除。拿出幾張日本殖民統(tǒng)治臺灣時期對釣魚島毀滅性開發(fā)的照片來證明釣魚島是日本的“固有領(lǐng)土”，莫非日本還要將當(dāng)年在中國大陸和臺灣進(jìn)行殖民掠奪的照片也作為日本擁有這些領(lǐng)土的依據(jù)？
In recent years, in a bid to prove that Diaoyu Island belongs to Japan, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has posted pictures of Japanese people from that era standing on the island. But these photos do not stand as evidence; all they prove is that Japan colonized the island after colonizing Taiwan in 1895.On June 10, 1895, Koga Tatsushiro submitted an application to the Japanese government to rent and develop Diaoyu Island. His application was approved in September of the next year. Koga Tatsushiro admitted that he submitted the application after Japan grabbed the islands in the Sino-Japanese War. However, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the foundation of Japan’s occupation of Diaoyu Island and Taiwan, was abolished in 1945 when Japan surrendered in World War II.Japan’s attempt to prove its sovereignty of Diaoyu Island through a few photographs is simply unconvincing. If the claim were valid, Japan could use photos taken on Chinese mainland and Taiwan from those days as proof of the claim.