考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法培訓(xùn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
在英語(yǔ)中,語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài),即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice) 表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。在考研英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)我們需要了解哪些內(nèi)容呢?
(一)舉例
Saddam is being tried. 薩達(dá)姆正在接受審判。
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在審判薩達(dá)姆。
More and more people use computers now.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Computers are more and more widely used now.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
English is spoken all over the world. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(二)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在表達(dá)被動(dòng)方式上的差異
漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)非常簡(jiǎn)單明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等詞來(lái)表示,如“被捕”、“被殺”、“受到凌辱”等。而英語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)的方式也不復(fù)雜,用“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”表示。其中助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,而這正是英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的難點(diǎn)。
(三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)一定是及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,因?yàn)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞不能帶賓語(yǔ),也就不可能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài);被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用的有8個(gè),以give為例說(shuō)明如下:
時(shí)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞形式
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
Am/is/are given
一般過去時(shí)
Was/were given
一般將來(lái)時(shí)
Shall/will be given
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
Am/is/are being given
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
Was/were being given
過去將來(lái)時(shí)
Should/would be given
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
Has/have been given
過去完成時(shí)
Had been given
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的疑問句是將第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞移到主語(yǔ)之前、句末用問號(hào);否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后加not或never等其他否定詞、句末用句號(hào)。如:
“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面試的時(shí)候,用英語(yǔ)問你問題了嗎?”“沒有,沒有用英語(yǔ)問我問題?!?/p>
The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)被解釋清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐館正在裝修嗎?
The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。那家餐館沒有在裝修。實(shí)際上,那家餐館從來(lái)沒有裝修過。
(四)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
1、不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。換個(gè)說(shuō)法,有一件事情不知道是誰(shuí)干的或者不想說(shuō)出是誰(shuí)干的,這時(shí)就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面試的時(shí)候,有點(diǎn)緊張。
These fighters are imported from Russia. 這些戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)是從俄國(guó)進(jìn)口的。
That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那個(gè)地方已被變成游泳池。
2、說(shuō)話或發(fā)表意見時(shí),為了顯得客觀公正,也常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)信/據(jù)報(bào)道他在美國(guó)。
還有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):
It is said that……. 據(jù)說(shuō)
It is reported that……. 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It is believed that……. 人們相信
It is announced that……. 據(jù)宣布
it is (well) known that……. 眾所周知
It has been decided that……. 已經(jīng)決定
It is supposed that……. 人們認(rèn)為
It is suggested that……. 有人建議
It must be remembered that……. 務(wù)必記住
It is taken for granted that……. 被視為當(dāng)然
(五)主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句的注意事項(xiàng)
一是時(shí)態(tài)不能改變;二是變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)在人稱、數(shù)上保持一致。還要作如下變動(dòng):把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ);主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)放在by的后面,組成介詞短語(yǔ),再把這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)須說(shuō)明或不必要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),by短語(yǔ)可以省略。例如:
They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他們很快將在那里開辦個(gè)新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一個(gè)新超市不久將在那里開辦。
The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位醫(yī)生用英語(yǔ)講了兩次課。
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位醫(yī)生用英語(yǔ)講了兩次課。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我們要當(dāng)心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我們受到警告,要當(dāng)心老鼠。
如果主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可將其中任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)不變。但較常見的是將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。
The reporters asked the president some questions. 記者們問了總統(tǒng)一些問題。
The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (變直接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))
We have given him a job. 我們已給了他一個(gè)工作。
He has been given a job. (變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))
A job has been given (to) him. (變直接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))
(六)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞:
The timetable can be changed any time. 時(shí)間表隨時(shí)可以改變。
This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 這本書不允許帶出閱覽室。
This dictionary must be taken good care of. 這本詞典必須保管好。
(七)關(guān)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明
1、有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng),意義上是被動(dòng)。例如:
School begins in September. 學(xué)校九月份開學(xué)。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 圖書館星期天不開放。
The machine runs well. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器容易操作。
My pen writes well. 我的鋼筆好使。
The cloth washes well. 這料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well. 這詞典銷路很好。
The book hardly sells. 這書買不出去。
The door will not shut/lock. 門關(guān)/鎖不上。
2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,不定式符號(hào)to必須補(bǔ)上。例如:
They made him go. 他們讓他去。
He was made to go. 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我聽見他向他的朋友說(shuō)再見。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人聽到他向他的朋友說(shuō)再見。
3、除助動(dòng)詞be外,動(dòng)詞get有時(shí)也可跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),是比較口語(yǔ)化的一種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中很少用by短語(yǔ)。例如:
I got lost in the huge market. 在那個(gè)巨大的市場(chǎng)中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt. 你會(huì)送命/受傷的。
In the end this story got translated into English. 這故事最后被譯成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident. ?他的車在交通事故中被毀了。
4、“have/get+賓語(yǔ)+過去分詞”這個(gè)句型也表達(dá)了一種被動(dòng)的意思。如:
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一會(huì)就把自行車修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天買東西的時(shí)候我的錢夾被盜。
He got his leg broken when playing football. ?踢足球的時(shí)候他把腿弄斷了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折買了這些書,省了兩百美元。
5、在need, want, require后面,主動(dòng)的-ing形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意思:
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花園需要澆水。
Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生,您的衣服要燙嗎?
不知道上面的內(nèi)容大家了解了嗎?如果不能全部掌握,也要努力讓自己收獲得更多。在考研的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上,只有一往無(wú)前,才有可能到達(dá)勝利的彼岸。時(shí)間對(duì)大家都很公平,如果高效的學(xué)習(xí)就是非常重要的了,來(lái)滬江網(wǎng)校接受專業(yè)的考研英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)吧!