專八人文知識(shí)精講(12) 英國(guó)社會(huì)

I. Health and Social Services
全國(guó)醫(yī)療保健

1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. Thissystem is funded out of national insurancecontributions and taxation. In Britain the term appliesmainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.
英國(guó)被認(rèn)為是福利制度的國(guó)家。此制度的所需資金來(lái)源于全國(guó)保險(xiǎn)稅和賦稅。在英國(guó)，這主要是指國(guó)民保健制度，國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)保障制度。

2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income,a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948.Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out ofgeneral taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurancecontributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribedby family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including landsales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.
不管個(gè)人收入如何，國(guó)民保健制度為每個(gè)居民提供全面醫(yī)療服務(wù)。英國(guó)于1948年確立此制度。英國(guó)國(guó)民保健制度82%以下的費(fèi)用來(lái)自普通稅收，其他部分來(lái)自（1）國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)金中的國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)金部分；（2）象對(duì)家庭一生開(kāi)的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費(fèi)用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計(jì)劃的收益。

3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment,including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be chargedby the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for aninfectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which isadministered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout theU.
國(guó)民保健制度中多數(shù)牙科治療都要收取一定比例的費(fèi)用，包括檢查費(fèi)。視力檢查對(duì)兒童免費(fèi)。國(guó)民保健制度對(duì)事故，急診或傳染病的治療不收費(fèi)，中央政府直接負(fù)責(zé)國(guó)民保健制度，由全國(guó)各地的保健機(jī)構(gòu)和衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)實(shí)施。

4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists,opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person mustnormally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows asa "family doctor").
家庭保健服務(wù)由醫(yī)生、牙醫(yī)、眼科大夫和藥劑師提供給病人。為獲得國(guó)民保健制度的服務(wù)，人們必須在普通開(kāi)業(yè)醫(yī)生的名冊(cè)上注冊(cè)。

5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. Thereare also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness,those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specificdiseases.
地區(qū)普通醫(yī)院提供全面的醫(yī)院服務(wù)。也有為兒童，精神病人，有學(xué)習(xí)障礙者，老人和特殊病人開(kāi)設(shè)的專門醫(yī)院或病區(qū)。

6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which manybetter-off people have been turning to private medical health care.
國(guó)民保健制度是英國(guó)最大的用人機(jī)構(gòu)。近幾十年來(lái)，因?yàn)橘Y金不足，許多比較富裕的人正逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向私人的醫(yī)療保健機(jī)構(gòu)。

7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, peoplewith learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing specialproblems. These statutory service are provided by local government social servicesauthorities.
在英國(guó)，個(gè)人社會(huì)服務(wù)向老人，殘疾人，有學(xué)習(xí)障礙者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困難的人等。地方政府社會(huì)服務(wù)委員會(huì)提供法定援助。

II. social Security
社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)

1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living forpeople in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to thesocial security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly,sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.
社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度設(shè)立的目的是保障經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的人們的基本生活水平，政府開(kāi)支的近三分之一用于社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃。此計(jì)劃給老人，病人，殘疾人，失業(yè)者，寡婦，撫育幼兒者或低收入者提供經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助。

2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies ofthe Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.
大不列顛的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)由社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)部獨(dú)立執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)管理，在北愛(ài)爾蘭則是社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)局。

3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2)unemployment pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternityallowance and widows's benefits.
需要先交費(fèi)的社會(huì)安全福利（個(gè)人有工作收入時(shí)交，無(wú)收入時(shí)領(lǐng)），其中包括：退休金，失業(yè)金，病殘福利金，孕產(chǎn)期補(bǔ)助金，寡婦補(bǔ)助金。

4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2)industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.
不需要先交費(fèi)的福利金，包括戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傷亡撫恤金，工傷致殘救濟(jì)金，兒童補(bǔ)助金，低收入家庭補(bǔ)助金。

III. Religion
宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interferencefrom the community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifesthis faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of allchurches or none.
在英國(guó)，人人都有信仰宗教的權(quán)利，社會(huì)和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在教職，禮拜或儀式中表明他的信仰。除了英國(guó)大法官可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務(wù)對(duì)各種信仰或沒(méi)有信仰的人一律公開(kāi)。

2. Established churches
國(guó)教

There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and Scotland the Church of Scotland.
英國(guó)有兩大國(guó)教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國(guó)教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會(huì)（長(zhǎng)老教）。

3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign mustbe a member of that Church and as "Defender of the Faith". The Church is alsolinked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not freeto change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer withoutthe consent of Parliament.
英格蘭國(guó)教與君主有獨(dú)特的聯(lián)系。因?yàn)榫髯鳛?國(guó)教的捍衛(wèi)者"必須是此教會(huì)的一員，他在登基時(shí)必須承諾維持國(guó)教。國(guó)教還通過(guò)上議院與政府聯(lián)系。沒(méi)有議會(huì)同意，英格蘭教會(huì)不可隨意改變"國(guó)教祈禱書"中規(guī)定的禮拜儀式。

4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is,government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. TheMonarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord HighCommissioner.
蘇格蘭教的管理是長(zhǎng)老制，也就是由教士和長(zhǎng)老治理。他們被授予圣職，王室高級(jí)代表通常代表君主光臨會(huì)議。

5. Unestablished churches
非國(guó)教教會(huì)

There are include: the Anglican Churches，the Free Churches，the Roman Catholic Church.
主要有圣公會(huì)，自由教，羅馬天主教。

IV. Festival and Public Holidays
節(jié)假日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.
其主要的節(jié)日有圣誕節(jié)，復(fù)活節(jié)，圣靈降臨節(jié)。