閱讀基本功 - 長(zhǎng)難句過(guò)關(guān)(第十六期)
第二章 插入結(jié)構(gòu)
除了上一章的并列結(jié)構(gòu),英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中另一個(gè)常用結(jié)構(gòu)就是插入結(jié)構(gòu)。插入結(jié)構(gòu)是在一個(gè)句子中某兩個(gè)句子成分之間,如主謂,謂賓,定語(yǔ)和受定語(yǔ)等之間插入一個(gè)從句,短語(yǔ)或單詞以對(duì)原來(lái)句子所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、添加、限定和說(shuō)明。有時(shí)一個(gè)句子會(huì)有多個(gè)從句,分詞短語(yǔ)等存在,再加上插入成分,就會(huì)使得句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得很復(fù)雜,不易分清各部分得成分,而造成閱讀上得障礙。插入成分最明顯得標(biāo)志是用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。但有時(shí)由于多種句子成分的存在,句子中會(huì)使用多個(gè)逗號(hào),分號(hào),從而導(dǎo)致插入得成分不易一眼看出,以至出現(xiàn)理解錯(cuò)誤。本章我們就集中辨析這一類結(jié)構(gòu)得句子。
Exercise
Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or to have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.
Computer crime, a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in order to steal or modify records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that corrupts data and programs, has grown at an alarming rate since the development of computer communications.
Hence, though the normal child masters some 80,000 words in sixteen years — about fourteen per day— little of this learning takes place in school.
要點(diǎn)分析和參考譯文
要點(diǎn):要點(diǎn)該句中破折號(hào)內(nèi)得成分是插入語(yǔ)。介詞about 之后三個(gè)分別由“whether or not”“where and with whom”“how”引起得從句做其賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)to bring to a close意為“to cause to come to an end”; “to take leave”意為“say goodbye to sb.”
參考譯文:特別是瀕臨死亡的病人——他們最容易受騙,也最會(huì)被蒙在鼓里——從而不能做出臨終前的有關(guān)抉擇:是否要住院,是否要進(jìn)行手術(shù),在何處與何人度過(guò)剩下的一點(diǎn)時(shí)光,以及如何處理完自己的事后再告別人世。
要點(diǎn):本句的主句是“Computer crime grams, has grown at an alarming rate……”逗號(hào)之間的插入結(jié)構(gòu)“a phrase……programs”是主句主語(yǔ)“Computer crime”的同位語(yǔ)。
參考譯文:隨著計(jì)算機(jī)通信的迅速發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪以令人震驚的速度增長(zhǎng)。計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是用非法的,秘密的手段入侵?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以便偷取或修改數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資料,或是在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中散布病毒軟件,這些病毒能毀壞數(shù)據(jù)和程序。
要點(diǎn):hence,就這樣,副詞表示結(jié)果。Though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,從句的主語(yǔ)為the normal child, 謂語(yǔ)為master, about fourteen per day為插入語(yǔ),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用,主句的主語(yǔ)為little of this learning; 主句的謂語(yǔ)是takes place
參考譯文:這樣,盡管正常的孩子在16年里能掌握大約8萬(wàn)個(gè)單詞,大約一天學(xué)14個(gè),但只有很少一部分是在學(xué)校里學(xué)來(lái)得。
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