話說(shuō),這幾天,廈門可是非常熱鬧,這座漂亮的海濱城市,本周來(lái)了很多大人物,吸引了中外媒體的關(guān)注。

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沒(méi)錯(cuò),9月3日- 5日之間,中國(guó)再一次做國(guó)際會(huì)議東道主,在廈門召開(kāi)金磚國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人第九次峰會(huì)。并與到訪的巴西、俄羅斯、印度、南非四國(guó)領(lǐng)袖一起共商發(fā)展大計(jì)。
外媒紛紛報(bào)道此次廈門金磚國(guó)家峰會(huì),但同時(shí)也指出了金磚國(guó)家面臨的一些問(wèn)題,如:
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Besides addressing their common concerns, the five BRICS nations also discuss and contribute towards global governance reforms, in handling development challenges and dealing with security worry that the world faces.
除了討論共同的問(wèn)題,金磚五國(guó)還將討論如何實(shí)施全球管理改革,如何面對(duì)發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn),如何應(yīng)對(duì)威脅全球的安全問(wèn)題。
The Xiamen edition of BRICS summit is underway at a time when at least three of the member countries - Brazil, Russia and South Africa - are facing serious economic and political challenges. India and China have their own economic issues to address.
此次廈門金磚國(guó)家峰會(huì)召開(kāi)之時(shí),五個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)中有三個(gè)國(guó)家--巴西、俄羅斯、南非正面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治挑戰(zhàn),而另外兩國(guó)國(guó)家--中國(guó)和印度也有各自的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題需要顧及。
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隨著廈門峰會(huì),“金磚國(guó)家” 這一說(shuō)法,再次出現(xiàn)在各大媒體封面上。
那么。你知道 “金磚國(guó)家” 到底是怎么來(lái)的嗎?今天就給大家來(lái)講講!
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BRICS 是巴西 (Brazil)、俄羅斯 (Russia)、印度( India)、中國(guó) (China)、南非(South Africa)這五國(guó)英文名字首字母組合而成。
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而恰好,brics與英文中 bricks (磚頭) 發(fā)音一樣。
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而且這幾國(guó)具有強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)潛力,被認(rèn)為代表了未來(lái)的希望,所以經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家將其翻譯成 “金磚國(guó)家” 。
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The story of the BRICS—or technically, BRIC countries (South Africa joined in 2010)—begins with Goldman Sachs chief economy expert Jim O’Neill, who wrote a paper in 2001 arguing that these were the emerging superstars most likely to dominate the 21st century globalized economy.
金磚國(guó)家,或者更準(zhǔn)備地說(shuō),金磚四國(guó)(隨后南非2010年才加入該集團(tuán))說(shuō)法最早是由高盛首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家吉姆·奧尼爾提出來(lái)的。2001的時(shí)候,他在一份報(bào)告中提到這四個(gè)國(guó)家將在21世紀(jì),成為主導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程的新興國(guó)家。
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Roughly speaking, the BRICS can be broken into two groups—those that took advantage of globalization’s march to integrate themselves into global supply chains (primarily China and India) and those that took advantage of globalization to sell their abundant natural resources (primarily Brazil, Russia and South Africa).
嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái),金磚國(guó)家可以分為兩類,一類是希望通過(guò)全球化,將自身融入到全球供應(yīng)鏈中,比如中國(guó)和印度,還有一類是借助全球化優(yōu)勢(shì),出售豐富的自然資源來(lái)獲利,比如巴西、俄羅斯和南非。
Since 2011, BRICS has been able to establish itself as a potent voice for the developing countries. On its own, the BRICS bloc accounts for 43 per cent of the world's population and over 25 per cent of the global economy.
2011年之后,金磚國(guó)家就代表發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)出強(qiáng)有力聲音。整體而言,金磚國(guó)家集團(tuán)占據(jù)了全球總?cè)丝诘?3%,占據(jù)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的25%
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The BRICS countries held its economic steam when the world witnessed the biggest economic slump since the 1929 depression in 2008. These five countries together give hope for economic revival even though the signs of recovery in Europe and America have again started fading.
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2008年,全球經(jīng)歷了自1929年經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條之后的最大經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。那會(huì)兒金磚國(guó)家獨(dú)占鰲頭,獨(dú)領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷。當(dāng)時(shí),歐美諸多國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)凋敝,金磚國(guó)家代表了經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的希望。
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那么,知道了“BRICS”,你知道世界上還有一些與之齊名的組織嗎?
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比如 “歐豬五國(guó)” “薄荷四國(guó)” “迷霧四國(guó)” “靈貓六國(guó)” 你知道它們是什么意思嗎?指的是哪家國(guó)家呢?
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1 歐豬國(guó)家
PIGS/PIIGS
The PIGS acronym originally refers, often derogatorily, to the economies of the Southern European countries of Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain.
PIGS 這個(gè)詞是葡萄牙(Portugal)、意大利(Italy)、希臘(Greece)、西班牙(Spain)四個(gè)國(guó)家英文首字母縮寫而成。
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During the European debt crisis, the term was also increasingly used to refer to the economies of Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain, four EU member states that were unable to refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks on their own during the crisis.
這個(gè)說(shuō)法出現(xiàn)在2008年經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)之后,這四個(gè)國(guó)家無(wú)力償還債務(wù),身陷主權(quán)債務(wù)危機(jī)之中,整體經(jīng)濟(jì)一度停滯,甚至出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長(zhǎng)。后來(lái),愛(ài)爾蘭(Ireland)也出現(xiàn)類似經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,歐豬四國(guó)變?yōu)椤皻W豬五國(guó)”(PIIGS)。
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但是,這兒稱呼非常有歧視意義,因此普遍受到財(cái)經(jīng)界忌諱,所以大家現(xiàn)在都不怎么用這個(gè)說(shuō)法了。
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2 迷霧四國(guó)
MIST
要說(shuō)起名,估計(jì)沒(méi)有人比高盛的首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家吉姆·奧尼爾更在行。
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他除了想出大名鼎鼎的金磚國(guó)家,還貢獻(xiàn)了很多其他說(shuō)法,其中一個(gè)就是MIST。
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MIST 是 墨西哥 (Mexico)、印度尼西亞 (Indonesia)、韓國(guó) (South Korea) 和土耳其 (Turkey) 四個(gè)國(guó)家英文首字母縮略詞,被翻譯成“迷霧四國(guó)”。
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2011年吉姆·奧尼爾首先提出這個(gè)概念,他認(rèn)為這四大經(jīng)濟(jì)體具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/div>
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3 薄荷四國(guó)
MINT
“薄荷四國(guó)” 這個(gè)說(shuō)法也和吉姆·奧尼爾相關(guān)。
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據(jù)說(shuō),奧尼爾后來(lái)參加一檔英國(guó)廣播公司節(jié)目,當(dāng)時(shí)和節(jié)目嘉賓進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)討論,最終嘉賓說(shuō)服奧尼爾說(shuō)相比起韓國(guó),尼爾利亞的發(fā)展?jié)摿Ω?,活力更足?/div>
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因而將 MIST中的S--South Korea 替換成N--Nigeria(尼日利亞),變成了MINT,也就是“薄荷四國(guó)”。
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4 新鉆11國(guó)
Next 11?
未來(lái)11國(guó)”或“新鉆11國(guó)”(簡(jiǎn)稱N-11)。這是高盛公司繼“金磚四國(guó)”后提出的又一個(gè)慨念,指成長(zhǎng)潛力僅次于金磚國(guó)家的11個(gè)新興市場(chǎng)。
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包括孟加拉國(guó)、埃及、印尼、伊朗、墨西哥、尼日利亞、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、土耳其、越南和韓國(guó)。
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Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam
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5 靈貓六國(guó)
CIVETS
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CIVETS是哥倫比亞 ( Colombia )、印度尼西亞 ( Indonesia )、越南 ( Vietnam )、埃及 ( Egypt) 、土耳其 ( Turkey ) 、 ?南非 ( South Africa)這六個(gè)國(guó)家英文名首字母組合而成的。
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Civet在英文中是麝貓,香貓的意思,而這六個(gè)國(guó)家因?yàn)殪`氣十足,被翻譯成“靈貓六國(guó)”。
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這個(gè)說(shuō)法是匯豐銀行的Michael Geoghegan提出。
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These countries all have reasonably advanced financial systems, are controlling inflation and have increasing young populations.
他認(rèn)為這些國(guó)家財(cái)政體系正在穩(wěn)步提升,并成功控制住通貨膨脹,且年富力強(qiáng)的人口基數(shù)不斷增加。
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They also have a wide variety of exports and are in important strategic positions geographically.
并且這些國(guó)家出口商品種類多,且占據(jù)了重要的戰(zhàn)略地理位置。
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This category was supposed to include the countries that would drive growth from 2010 to 2020.
這些國(guó)家將會(huì)在2010年到2020之間帶來(lái)一波新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。
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以上這些國(guó)家都是未來(lái)發(fā)展大勢(shì)的國(guó)家,你最看重哪個(gè)國(guó)家?